Economics Of America s Minimum Wage - 956 Words

Six years after the end of the 2008 recession, the pay for American workers remains at the same rate as when the recession began. Low wage jobs have dominated the job growth associated with the post-recession recovery. The federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour remains decades out of date. â€Å"The federal minimum wage has lost more than 30% of its value and would be more than $10.59 per hour today if it had kept pace with the cost of living over the past forty years†. (â€Å"Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2013, 2013). In November 2013, New Jersey became the 20th state to establish a minimum wage higher than the federal wage raising the hourly rate to $8.25 from its previous amount of $7.25. According to a poll taken by the Pew Research Center, Americans are in favor of increasing the minimum wage by a wide margin (71% to 26%). (The Complex Economics of America’s Minimum Wage, 2013). The statics prove that there was a large margin in regards to the results, but was there any logical thought process put into that vote? Or did Americans just hear ‘pay increase’ and jump the gun? We all want to help others. It’s part of our human nature. So why not raise the minimum wage and help these people living on the poverty line to provide a little extra for their family? It sounds like the right thing to do. But is it really helping? The ethical, legal and political standpoints on the minimum wage increase are complicated at best. Throughout this paper you will be informed on both sides of theShow MoreRelatedIncrease Of Minimum Wage Increases Economic Woes1129 Words   |  5 PagesIncrease of Minimum Wage Decreases Economic Woes An issue that has been debating throughout centuries is whether or not America should increase the minimum wage. This is an issue that has been arising to be relevant to pboeople all over the nation. Researches have provided logical facts and statistics on how increasing the minimum wage would be the solution to America’s debt. Increasing the minimum wage has also been successful in several countries including Germany. Studies have shown that decreasingRead MoreAmerica Should Increase The Minimum Wage1117 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not America should increase the minimum wage. This is an issue that has been arising to be relevant to people all over the nation. Researches have provided logical facts and statistics on how increasing the minimum wage would be the solution to America’s debt. Increasing the minimum wage has also been successful in several countries including Germany. Studies have shown that decreasing the minimum wage is unlikely to solve any economic woes. While when we increase the minimum wage it benefitsRead MorePersuasive Essay Outline :Minimum Wage964 Words   |  4 Pages Persuasive Essay Outline :Minimum Wage 1 Intro - I want you to think about your very first job .Were you a Bellhop ,cashier ,bartender ,cooks(fast food ),lifeguard, .Now how about your second job were you a airport worker or child care worker.About how much were youRead MoreFederal Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1180 Words   |  5 Pagesto come to conclusions that the federal minimum wage is excessively low. The government can stand to help people gain more money, resulting in a less poverty-stricken country. The cost of living or gaining has increased significantly over the past twenty years, and the minimum wage, for most isn t enough for them to support themselves. There have been efforts to increase the federal minimum wage, but none has succeeded in getting approved. Minimum wages are too low for a human, to provide forRead MoreThe Case For A Higher Minimum Wage1659 Words   |  7 PagesHigher Minimum Wage In 1938, the Federal Government established a minimum wage through the Fair Labor Standards Act, during the Great Depression. Its stated purpose was to keep American workers out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power to help stimulate the economy. President Franklin Roosevelt, understood that the minimum wage should be a living wage, he stated â€Å"by living wages, I mean more than a bare subsistence level — I mean the wages of a decent living.† Today, the Minimum wage is criticalRead MoreEssay on Minimum Wage is The Bare Minimum1018 Words   |  5 PagesMinimum Wage: The Bare Minimum They work hard every day; they stock our store shelves, wash dishes at our restaurants, clean our offices at night, care for our kids during the day...They have in common the minimum wage. And they need a raise, and as you saw, they deserve a raise (Clinton). President Clinton made this speech on the south lawn of the White House at 10:30 a.m. on the 8th of March 2000. He argued for the minimum wage hike to go into effect. He argued for the populationRead MoreThe Issue Of Income Inequality And Minimum Wage1179 Words   |  5 Pageswhile the economic situation in the United States is much better than that of China or India, money, or the lack thereof, is one of the biggest issues plaguing the Unites States of America. One of the key issues that have risen in recent times on the media is the widening wage gap between the rich and the poor, and the debate on whether or not an increase in minimum wage could solve the problem. While the whole nation would like to solve the issue of i ncome inequality and minimum wage, the focusRead MoreMinimum Wage Regulations Strike At The Very Heart Of The Free Enterprise System1526 Words   |  7 Pagesprice control, minimum wage legislations strike at the very heart of the free enterprise system. The father of economics, Adam Smith explained in his masterpiece, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†, that â€Å"the price system is the communication mechanism that coordinates, motivates, and harmonizes the actions of consumers and entrepreneurs†. His renown metaphor and philosophy of the â€Å"Invisible Hand† captured the idea that free-market pricing system molds individual self interest into extensive economic bettermentRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Act Of 20071607 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction In 1938, the first national minimum wage laws in the United States were passed as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which served as â€Å"a floor below wages,† to reduce poverty and to ensure that economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today, many people who work for companies that pay at or near the minimum wage and remain near or below the poverty level rely on government health and food security and income programs to supplementRead MoreDispute over Minimun Wage1281 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment of our age has broken their social contract. Minimum wage is a disputatious issue because it is contested in an array and discriminatory audience. Minimum wage I believe is the epicenter of the economist’s sphere of interest as he in constantly in hot pursuit in finding its relationship with job loss. President Bill Clinton’s administration proposed in 1993 that it had intentions to have an increase in the minimum wage in America. The liberals applauded the step in good faith whilst their

My Unhealthy Habit Of Smoking Cigarettes - 940 Words

For my lifestyle wellness project I chose to change my unhealthy habit of smoking cigarettes. My measurable objective is that I m going to limit myself to three cigarettes a day over the next several weeks. I have chosen this as my measurable objective because I feel that I will be more successful in achieving my goal of quitting smoking if I gradually cut back instead of quitting cold turkey. I m going to ask my family for support in helping me achieve my goal by not leaving cigarette packs around the house and backyard. I am also going to enlist the support and motivation of my boyfriend To measure my progress over time I will keep a journal or diary. This journal will include things like my triggers, how I feel, and what kind of progress I am making. I started changing my behavior of smoking cigarettes on Wednesday, March 4, 2015. Overall, the whole process of choosing a measurable objective, developing a behavior change program, and implementing the program was a complete su ccess. I feel that I have achieved my goal of limiting myself to only three cigarettes a day. I also feel that I have more energy and I am much healthier than what I was smoking six to ten cigarettes a day. I wouldn t say that I experienced any failures while changing my behavior however, I did experience a couple barriers in the beginning that could have potentially held me back from achieving my goal. When I first started implementing my action plan program it was very difficult for me toShow MoreRelatedTobacco Is The Primary Source Of Unnecessary Sickness And Death930 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual problem however, it also has the ability to affect societal issues. Addictions of any form can impact, an individual’s life, and loved ones. This addiction has the ability to having lasting impacts in a person’s health. Research shows smoking long term use can develop lung cancer, heart disease. Many times the addict has the choice to partake in using the drug, but u sing the drug extended period of time it begins to alter the mental functions producing the choice of using the drug outRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking And Smoking861 Words   |  4 Pagescreatures of habit. Whether it is realized or not, everyone has habits. Some habits are healthy: going to the gym, a morning run, and falling asleep at the same time every night, are all examples of healthy habits. Conversely, some individuals make choices that turn into habits, which are unhealthy. In the eyes of society, smoking is one of the worst habits a person can have. Through the analysis of smokers’ routines, it may be possible to find ways to help them curb their unhealthy practices. Read More Smoking Essay example605 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Introduction Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Smoking has been proven to be very dangerous to health. Nonetheless 40 % of the population smokes. Actually I am a non smoker, although I used to be a smoker. Most people try out smoking when they are young ; many youths think smoking is a good grown-up habit. Furthermore many young people begin smoking as an act of rebellion and independence. Young smokers start smoking at their age of 12 or 13 just to get aRead MoreMy Ad For An Anti Smoking Campaign894 Words   |  4 PagesMy ad for an anti smoking campaign shows a picture of a baby smoking a cigarette as half the baby s face is decaying. To the right of this image there is text that states, I smoke second hand. Right below that in smaller text is a warning that reads, Warning: may kill your baby. After closely analyzing this image I found that the argument for this advertisement is: Smoking not only effects you but the people around you too. This ad is very effective due the fact that the distinctive featureRead MoreThe Addiction Of Cigarettes And Teen Smoking894 Words   |  4 PagesMy presenting problem is my addiction to cigarettes. I was 13 years old the first time I smoked a cig arette. My addiction began due to peer pressure. Smoking was my way of building social relationships. However, soon I was smoking more or an equal amount of cigarettes than my friends. Since the age of 19, I have been smoking twenty cigarettes a day, which is a pack of cigarettes daily. My addiction to cigarettes is a problem because it is affecting my health. I become fatigued due to smoking. WhenRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreThe Smoking Of Ci garette Smoking855 Words   |  4 Pagesthings that a mother has to pass down to her unborn child. Unfortunately, this also means the bad, unhealthy choices that a mother bestows on her child as well. What a mother ingests is what her growing fetus ingests through her umbilical cord; the life line from the mother to the precious innocent life she holds so dear. The goal of this paper is to give some insight on the use of cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Let’s begin with a short history of what was previously called Nicotiana. Today it isRead MoreSmoking Is Bad for Health985 Words   |  4 PagesWhy get addicted? The nicotine which is found in cigarettes is amazingly addictive. Cigarette smoking is the greatest single cause of illness and premature death in the UK. . A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die sadly, as a result of smoking. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. Tobacco smoking is the most popular practice by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. About 30,000 people in the UK die from lung cancer eachRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreSmoking Is A Well Known Habit1354 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is a well known habit. Many people smoke despite its obvious and widely advertised deleterious effects on health. Smoking is not only bad for the immediate users, but also the people surrounding them. It is an addiction that can effect others without their consent. Not only is it unhealthy physically but also a very expensive habit. It costs millions a year, and that is just to buy enough cigarettes to satisfy your addiction, not counting the cost of medical care needed, renovations of homes

Future Of Feminism Evolutionary Economics - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Future Of Feminism Evolutionary Economics. Answer: Introduction: The Chronicle of Higher Education published back in the year 1993, triggered the feminism in economics at first place and since then it has been almost two decades, when debates stared to redefine around the introduction of feminism in economics (Nelson, 1995). One of the key objectives of the feminist economists is to submerge the andocentric biases rather than gaining economic preference over the male dominated world. On the other hand, evolutionary economics is one of the mainstream economic studies that focus on the growth of economy through evolutionary methodology (winter, 2014). This essay is aimed to discuss whether the evolutionary economics is regarded as the feminist approach by the feminist economists from the economic perspective or not on the ground of three varieties of feminist economics. Illustration: There is a common believe from the accounting perspective that, gender is subjected to the stereotyping on the economic job market, when it comes to women rather than academic performance, physical appearance and personal information is highly focused (Wu, 2017). Determining between the human psychology and economy is hard, however, earlier it has been stated by the various theses like Guardian Ethic and the Trade Ethic, child raising, hospitality service are the main service of the women. However, according to the House workers Handbook published in 1969, it has been stated that, though the women stay at home, they provide significantly to the GDP of the country by reproducing the means of production, which is labour (Ayalon Roziner, 2016). When it comes to the evolutionary economics, it is another mainstream economics that has been originated during the beginning of the 21st century, which explains the economy according to the theory of evolution. Evolutionary economics does not c onsider the equilibrium of the economy; rather it focuses on its transformation (Gintis, 2017). Discussion: Feminism and the evolutionary economies are the two different schools of economic thoughts, however both of them has been germinated during the beginning of the 21st century (Borrill Tesfatsion, 2011). Evolutionary economy focuses on the growth, competition, structural change and the resource constraint over the time, however when it comes to the feminism economies, then there are three varieties which are namely women economists, women in the economy and the gender values and economics (Nelson, 1995). Women economists: According to the general idea of feminism, men and women should have equality in all the treatment, respect, opportunities, social rights and belief and there should be no barriers in opportunities in depending upon the gender bias. Women economists argue that male centric society is the main or essential wellspring of mistreatment of women (Brenner, 2014). Moreover, women economic scholar affirms that there is a common believe that women cannot be free due to their monetary dependence on people in the social arena. Owing to uneven adjustment in the society, women are liable to the male rulers and from the accounting perspective of the feminist economy, women are absent from the national accounting system. Freedom of women are contained by the gender biasness in the economy and accounting perspective of feminism argue that freedom must be achieved through attempting to eradicate both the social and financial wellsprings of womens persecution (Taylor, 2016). Evolutionary economists consider the women economists view that has been originated during the Marxs idea of socialist economy; however, the feminism does not consider the Marxist theory of evolution. Women in the economy: According to the economic analysis to feminist issues, they strive for the equality without sexual biasness in legal, political and economical aspect of the society (Lindsey, 2015). Liberal feminism argues that the equality of women can only be achieved through the reform in the society and this has been supported by the evolutionary economy. Both school of economic though believes that if there is requirement of growth in the society, then it has to be augmented by the means of social reform. Accounting perspective of the feminism argue that change in society can lead to higher productivity, rise in aggregate demand and generation of more job opportunities that will inherently crowd out the disparity between the male and female of the society (Epure, 2014). Moreover, it has also been noted that, if high profile female economists are attached with the field of operation, then it gains higher amount of attention, which may be the possible outcome of gender biasness and the human psych ology. Thus, feminism does consider the evolutionary economics as the accounting perspective of feminism argue that growth of society can be enhanced by inclusion of women into the accounting system of the society (Rottenberg, 2014). Gender values and economics: Feminism and modern economics argues in favour of compete restructuring of the society and elimination of the gender from the society. According to the feminist theorizing about sexism and science, both men and women should have equal right from the accounting perspective, irrespective of the difference in sex (Nelson, 1995). Prevalent ideas as women are subject to reproduce the means of production and nursing the elderly people must be eradicated from the society (Mackay, 2015). Feminist economist argue that women should waved off from giving birth to the child, which will effectively give them free hand to work as much as the men and it will bring in the women into the accounting of the nation. This will bring in parity between men and women leading to better growth of society. However, both the evolutionary and feminist school of thought aligns with each other but the argument is vogue and this does not hold any ground (Wu, 2017). Conclusion: Above discussion clearly shows that the evolutionary economics largely align with the thoughts of the feminism. Both of the thoughts have been generated during the 21st century and both have some argument, when it comes to the growth of an economy. From the accounting perspective, elimination of the gender biasness will bring in the women into the accounting system of the nation. Thus, the feminist economists can certainly grant evolutionary economy as the feminist approach. Reference: Borrill, P. L., Tesfatsion, L. (2011). 11 Agent-based modeling: the right mathematics for the social sciences?.The Elgar companion to recent economic methodology,228. Brenner, J. (2014). 21st century Socialist-feminism.Socialist Studies/tudes Socialistes,10(1). Epure, M. (2014). Critically assess: the relative merits of liberal, socialist and radical feminism.Journal of Research in Gender Studies,4(2), 514. Gintis, H. (2017).A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences. United Sates of America: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/Unity-BBS%20Print%20Version.pdf Mackay, F. (2015).Radical feminism: Feminist activism in movement. Springer. Nelson, J. A. (1995). Feminism and economics.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,9(2), 131-148. Rottenberg, C. (2014). The rise of neoliberal feminism.Cultural studies,28(3), 418-437. Taylor, B. (2016). 19 Socialist Feminism: Utopian or Scientific?.People's History and Socialist Theory (Routledge Revivals), 158. Winter, S. G. (2014). The future of evolutionary economics: can we break out of the beachhead?.Journal of Institutional Economics,10(4), 613-644. Wu, A. H. (2017). Gender stereotyping in academia: Evidence from economics job market rumors forum. Ayalon, L., Roziner, I. (2016). Satisfaction with the relationship from the perspectives of family caregivers, older adults and their home care workers.Aging mental health,20(1), 56-64. Lindsey, L. L. (2015).Gender roles: A sociological perspective. Routledge.

Organizational Structure free essay sample

Case Study 02 – BoldFlash: Cross-Functional Challenges in the Mobile Division Introduction: In this case study Roger Cahill has been acting as the head of mobile division for less than a year. Currently he is struggling as he faces great difficulties adapting BoldFlash to a changing marketplace. The problem really started a year ago when Mr. Jim Harrison appointed the young Roger Cahill to a VP position. Although Roger has led a research project in his previous work, he is only 24 years old and inexperienced to manage a company at VP level.Positions at those levels require years of strategic leadership and management skills. Nevertheless in the last 12 months, the company focused primarily on the redundant production of customized chips without further research or product development in new and upcoming areas like the storage device. This negligence from both product development and marketing is a huge loss to the company as they missed out on the opportunity to launch new product line; therefore missed the opportunity to penetrate the potential market. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now the company has old products not priced competitively and struggling to penetrate the marketshare. Also the four groups within the division, product development, marketing, sales and manufacturing are constantly in conflict and don’t have the reinforcement from the leadership to work as a team. Although Cahill has observed the dysfunctions, he has not implemented any processes or trainings to work as a cross functional team. The company’s profit margins are low and Cahill has to take initiatives to suggest number of changes.With the staff that has low morale and lacking motivation, Cahill has to develop action plan for improvement. He has to define roles and propose organization change design to deliver an outcome necessary to be successful and generate higher profits. 1. What are the main problems that the Mobile division is experiencing? The company is experiencing various problems that need to be addressed immediately. First they missed the opportunity to develop a new product and therefore lost the opportunity to penetrate the market.Poor leadership style and negligence in the marketing areas, profits margins are lower than previous year. The four groups of staff are constantly in conflict and are not able to collaboratively work as a tem and lack crossfunctional tem efforts. Therefore staff has low morale and lack motivation. 2. How do the conflicting performance metrics of each group contribute to the problem? 3. What is it about the current organization design and product development process that fosters the problem of coordination we in the case? 4.

Introduction to Linguistics Essays

Introduction to Linguistics Essays Introduction to Linguistics Essay Introduction to Linguistics Essay What is meant by the field of linguistics? This introductory chapter concerns some dimensions of linguistics. which give us a general thought of what linguistics is. including the history of lingual. grammar. and other subjects of linguistics survey. What does grammar consist of and what are the relationship between one and another? How many linguistic communications do human existences have the capacity to get? What other surveies are made in recent centuries? Each of these facets are clearly described. and other chapters will travel into farther inside informations. While in this chapter we will supply some less elaborate information on the assorted facets of linguistics mentioned so far. 1. 1 Specifying Linguisticss There is nil that can be said by mathematical symbols and dealingss which can non besides be said by words. The converse. nevertheless. is false. Much that can be and is said by words can non successfully be put into equations. because it is nonsensical. C. Truesdell Linguistics is a survey to depict and explicate the human module of linguistic communication. There is no uncertainty that linguistics has changed through human development. 1. 1. 1 History of linguistics. The history of linguistics can be divided into three periods: antiquity. in-between ages and modern linguistics. 1. 1. 1. 1 Antiquity Dating back to earlier period of linguistics. linguistics is frequently associated with a demand to disambiguate discourse. particularly for ritual texts or in statements. Ancient Indians made a large part to linguistics development. Similarly. ancient Chinese played a cardinal function in bettering linguistics development. Around the same clip as the Indian developed. ancient Grecian philosophers were besides debating the nature and beginnings of linguistic communication. During this period. sentence structure and the usage of atoms developed fast. In add-on. bookmans proposed that word significances are derived from sentential use. 1. 1. 1. 2 In-between Ages In Middle East. in footings of spread outing Islam in 8th century. a big figure of people learn Arabic. Because of this. the earliest grammar came to being bit by bit. At the same clip. Sibawayh. a celebrated bookman. wrote a book to separate phonetics from phonemics. In the thirteenth century. Europeans introduced the impression of cosmopolitan grammar. 1. 1. 1. 3 Modern Linguistics Modern linguistics’ get downing can day of the month back to the late eighteenth century. With clip passing by. the survey of linguistics contains increasing contents. Meanwhile. it is used in other Fieldss. computing machine. e. g. . has come to be called computational linguistics. The survey of applications ( as the recovery of address ability ) is by and large known as applied linguistics. But in a narrower sense. applied linguistics refers to the application of lingual rules and theories of linguistic communication instruction and acquisition. particularly the instruction of foreign and 2nd linguistic communication. Other related subdivisions include anthropological linguistics. neurological linguistics. mathematical linguistics. and computational linguistics. However. linguistics is merely a portion of a much larger academic subject. semiologies. It is the scientific survey of linguistic communication. It surveies non merely one individual linguistic communication of any one society. merely like Chinese or Gallic. but the linguistic communication of all human existences. A linguist. though. does non hold to cognize and utilize a big figure of linguistic communications. but to look into how each linguistic communication is constructed. In short. linguistics surveies the general rules whereupon all human linguistic communications are constructed and operated as systems of communicating in their societies or communities. 1. 1. 2 An Interesting Comparison Linguisticss is a wide field to analyze. hence. a linguist sometimes is merely able to cover with one facet of linguistic communication at a clip. and therefore assorted subdivisions arise: phonetics. phonemics. morphology. sentence structure. semantics. applied linguistics. pragmatics. psycholinguistics. lexicology. lexicography. etymology and so on. Suppose that the survey of linguistics can be considered to be a computing machine. so linguistics is equal to the CPU. which supports all the other parts. Furthermore. sound card would stand for phonetics and phonemics. and so morphology and semantics are like the memory of the computing machine. What’s more. sentence structure plays as an of import function to interpret individual words to a whole sentence which is full of intending. merely like a artworks card. which uses image to do sense of the thought of memory stick. Finally. everything is ready. it’ s clip to utilize computing machine and the same goes for linguistic communication acquisition. Very interestingly. the belongingss of computing machine are surprisingly similar to human linguistic communication. from World Wide Web. iflytek. com/english/Research-Introduction % 20to % 20TTS. htm Above all. linguistics is concerned with the survey of verbal language– peculiarly address and written linguistic communication. What’s more. linguistic communication is a system and there is a set of options of which 1 must be chosen depending on the intent and context. ( Marie E. A ; John P. . 1991. p. 64 ) . 1. 2 The wide survey of linguistic communication Language is a extremely complex system of communicating. so it sometimes will be called a system of systems’ . It is used to build. exchange. express. and record information and thoughts. It performs these maps efficaciously because it is based upon systems that are understood by those utilizing the linguistic communication. In this chapter. four subjects will be concerned. They are phonology. morphology. sentence structure. and semantics. In this subdivision. some overall definitions and interactions among the four parts will be talked about. 1. 2. 1 Phonology In order to help scholars at the early phases of literacy. it is really of import to understand the relationship between sounds and letters. The sounds of address are studied in phonetics and phonemics. ( Marie E. A ; John P. 1991 ) 1. 2. 1. 1 Definitions of phonemics and phonetics Phonology is the survey of sound systems- the innovation of typical address sounds that occurs in a linguistic communication and the forms wherein they fall. In other words. we study the abstract side of the sounds of linguistic communication. a related but different topic that we call phonemics ( Peter. 2000 ) . In short. it is about forms and roots. On the other manus. it is more rigorous linguistics. Phonetics is the scientific discipline which surveies the features of human sound-making. particularly sounds used in address. and provides methods for their description. categorization and written text. In common. address sound is used everyplace. and it can be divided into three parts: articulatory phonetics. audile phonetics. and acoustic phonetics. 1. 2. 1. 2 The difference between phonemics and phonetics It seems that phonemics and phonetics are similar. That is why both of them make scholars confused. In fact. they have great difference. Phonology pays attending to how speech sounds of a linguistic communication form are put together harmonizing to regular regulations. On the contrary. phonetics focuses chiefly on description of how speech sounds are made. For case. if person says we should acquire our two lips near together and so force them open with a strong air . that means he or she is relevant to phonetics field. Another illustration is no words should get down with the ng’/N/ sound. the sound merely occurs at the terminal of words . and this concerns phonology country. Plenty of footings are used to depict different forms of letters and sounds. Some of the common used footings are blend. digram. shwa. syllable and phonics. which are widely and often applied. 1. 2. 2 Morphology Morphology has been regarded as a needfully synchronic discipline . That means the regulations concentrating on the survey of word construction alternatively of the development of words ( Katamba. 1993. P. 3 ) . It is the basic component used in a linguistic communication. and the construct of morphemes’ is one of the chief facets in the survey of morphology’ ( Yule. 2006. p. 66 ) . Basically. it is the subdivision of linguistics that surveies the internal construction of words. In morphology. morphemes are the minimum units that have semantic significance. It is the lingual term for the most elemental units of grammatical form ( Fromkin. Rodman. A ; Hyams. 2006. p. 77 ) . 1. 2. 2. 1 The categorization of morphemes Morphemes are composed of free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand by themselves as individual words . while edge morphemes are those that can non usually stand alone . but that can be attached to affixes ( Yule. 2000. p. 75 ) . Free morphemes contain lexical and functional morphemes. The first class. free morphemes. is the set of ordinary nouns. adjectives. adverbs and verbs which carry the content of the conveyed messages ( Yule. 2000. p. 76 ) . and most English words refer to this class. The functional morphemes consist mostly of the functional words. including concurrences. prepositions. articles and pronouns ( Yule. 2000 ) . Bound morphemes can besides be divided into two classs. They are derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are those which make new words in the linguistic communication and do words of a different grammatical class from the stem ( Yule. 2000. p. 76 ) . which means that it can alter the significance or the word category. whereas the inflectional morphemes are used to indicate facets of the grammatical map of a word ( Yule. 2000. p. 77 ) . 1. 2. 2. 2 The interaction with other facets Morphology has interactions with phonemics. The choice of the signifier that manifests given morpheme may be affected by the sounds that realize neighbouring morphemes ( Katamba. 1993 ) . For illustration. prefixes and postfixs will usually impact the emphasis. Meanwhile. there is interaction between morphology and sentence structure. The signifier of words may be influenced by the syntactic building in which the word is used ( Katamba. 1993. p. 13 ) . 1. 2. 3 Syntax So far in our survey of linguistic communication. we have made surveies of phonetics. phonemics and morphology. We have analyzed the construction of sounds and words. Therefore. we have been concentrated on the degree of little units of linguistic communication. After our analysis of words. we move to the consideration of larger structural units of linguistic communication: phrases and sentences. If we concentrate on the construction and ordination of constituents within a sentence. we are analyzing what is technically known as the sentence structure of a language ( Yule. 2000. p. 100 ) . Syntax can be merely defined as the scientific survey of sentence construction. Harmonizing to Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . sentence structure is a term used for the survey of the regulations regulating the manner words are combined to organize sentences. The beginning of this word is from Grecian and it means a puting out together’ or agreement ( Yule. 2000 ) . In the sentence The male child hits the door. we can detect that the words are related to each other in this order that it merely has one significance. If we change the order of the words The door hits the male child. the sentence’s significance has wholly changed and it is nonsensical. The ground is that the parts of the sentence are structurally related to each other. and this construction is reflected in the word order. In English. the word order is really necessary and of import for the significance of the sentence harmonizing to lingual regulations. In some linguistic communications. word order plays a less of import function. The significance of the sentence depends more on the signifier of the words themselves. In such instances. it is possible for sentences with wholly different word order to hold the same significance. English used to be one of these linguistic communications. The undermentioned illustrations are taken from Old English: Se cyning metech thone biscop- - -The male monarch meets the bishop Thone biscop meteth se cyning- - -The male monarch meets the bishop Although the words are arranged otherwise. they still mean the same. However. presents. the word order is really important for intending. As a effect. there is a great demand for us to research sentence structure. Some of import constructs are included in the survey of sentence structure. 1. 2. 3. 1Complex and compound sentence Three sentence types are basic in the sentence structure. There are simple sentence. compound sentence and complex sentence. A simple sentence includes one word. However. in some state of affairs. the simple sentence contains two words. A compound sentence contains at least two simple sentences. The sentences are linked with a concurrence. A Complex sentence composes of at least one chief clause and one subsidiary clause. 1. 2. 3. 2 Syntax Analysis The undermentioned illustration is provided for syntax analysis. The football squad won the lucifer last twelvemonth. S NP VP NP Det N Vt Det N Adv Ext ( clip ) The football squad won the lucifer last twelvemonth. The chart above is called tree diagram. The letters above each indicate: S = sentence. NP = noun phrase. VP = verb phrase. N = noun. V = verb. and so on. The grammarians use this method to analyse the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 3 Basic Syntactic Structure In English. the construction of sentence depends to a great extent on word order. The four basic constructions are listed as follows: S gt ; NP + Vc + NP ( NP gt ; N. NP gt ; Det + N ) S gt ; NP + VP ( NP gt ; N. VP gt ; Vc + Adj ) S gt ; NP + VP ( NP gt ; N. VP gt ; V ) S gt ; NP + VP ( NP gt ; N. VP gt ; Vt + NP. NP gt ; Det + N ) 1. 2. 3. 4 Basic Syntactic Generative Process There are four basic syntactic productive procedures: permutation. enlargement. extension. transmutation. Take the undermentioned sentence as an illustration to clear up these three constructs. Ken is a police officer. Substitution: Ken is a police officer. gt ; Tom is a police officer. Expansion: Ken is a police officer. gt ; Ken is a bad police officer. Extension: Ken is a police officer. gt ; Ken is a police officer at that clip. Transformation: Ken is a police officer. gt ; Is Ken a police officer? 1. 2. 4 Semantics Semantics. a subfield of linguistics. is the survey of actual significance. It is the recent add-on to the English linguistic communication. ( Palmer. 1976. p. 1 ) . Harmonizing to Matthews ( 2007 ) . during the early old ages the survey of intending focused on the vocabulary entirely. The range of the survey has expended since 1960s to include both semantics and pragmatics ( analyzed in 1. 3 ) . which come to the chief Fieldss of the survey of lingual significance ( Katamba. 2000 A ; Matthews. 1997 ) . Semantic significance is fixed and abstract. It can be understood by surface. However. it is de-contextualized. In another word. it is easy subverted by different gestures or modulations. Semnatics interacts with other facets of linguistics. For illustration. when equivalent word are used. they can be understood. so it fits the regulation of sentence structure. However. equivalent word are used to depict something similar. In a sentence. a equivalent word can be substituted by another equivalent word. However. the significance of synonyms talker or author determines or predicates have different grades. which indicates the significance is really different ( Alan. 2004 ) . Therefore. it is the interaction between sentence structure and semantics. As for the interaction with phonemics. the term tonic syllable in phonemics has three sorts of maps. The first 1 is the accentual map. which is to bespeak the focal point of the information. The 2nd 1 is the attitudinal map that is to bespeak the speaker’s attitude. And the last 1 is grammatical map. If talkers use these maps. the same sentence will turn out to hold assorted significances. To reason. in this subdivision. linguistics is analyzed from the facets of sounds. word construction. grammatical regulations and significance. Each of them is in charge of a certain system. Therefore linguistics can assist people to pass on. to show. and to be understood. 1. 3 Other subjects Apart from the nucleus subparts of linguistics. which we have demonstrated before. for farther reading. we introduce some other exciting facets in the field of linguistics. There are a batch more to detect than those countries. 1. 3. 1 Sociolinguistics People may cognize something about you through the manner you speak. for illustration. where you come from. where you spend most of your life clip. your societal individuality and so on. Two people turning up in the same geographical country. at the same clip. may talk otherwise owing to a figure of societal factors ( Yule. 2000 ) . Consequently. it’s really of import to see the societal facets of linguistic communication. It’s because address is a signifier of societal individuality and is used. consciously or unconsciously ( Yule. 2000 ) . The survey of the societal facet of linguistic communication is known as sociolinguistic. Sociolinguistic is concerned with probe of the relationship between linguistic communication and society ( Ronald. 2006. p. 13 ) . It consists of cultural norms. outlooks. and context on the manner linguistic communication is used. The first linguists who studied the societal facet of linguistic communication are Indian and Nipponese in the 1930s. Another individual called Gauchat who came from Switzerland had a analysis of this in 1900s every bit good. However. these three people didn’t receive much attending in the West. Until the late nineteenth century. the survey of societal facets of linguistic communication laid its foundation. Sociolinguisticss bit by bit appeared in the sixtiess in the West. Linguisticss such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK foremost brought out this construct and explored it. ( Wikipedia. 2007. parity. 1 ) 1. 3. 2 Neurolinguistics Though the nervous constructions of most carnal species are really distant from adult male. there are still resemblances between homo and animate being linguistic communications ( Marler. 1981 ; Nottebohm. 1970 ) . since nerve cells work in both. Human encephalon contains one million millions of nervous cells. and so far. the exact figure of those alleged nerve cells is still to be defined ( Fabbro. 1999. p. 21 ) . These bitty bantam nerve cells have close nexus with the production of linguistic communication. There can be unconditioned or learnt vocal vocalizations. Oral linguistic communication can be the unconditioned belongings of the human encephalon. written linguistic communication. nevertheless. is an innovation of world. Dogs can bark. cats can miaou. and adult male can shout even after the remotion of the mesencephalon. whereas parrots can non copy human sounds. and we can non bring forth human linguistic communication ( Fabbro. 1999. p. 21 ) . Therefore. the nervous centre of our encephalon is playing an unreplaceable function in the production of linguistic communication. How does the chief intellectual construction serve the production of human voices? The survey of neurolinguistic rely on the survey of neurology and neurophysiology. and in these Fieldss. all parts of the nervous system. each holding different maps in bring forthing linguistic communication. are discovered. Theories are found based on tonss of experiments refering the remotions of different subdivisions of the encephalon. The devastation of different linguistic communication countries destroys linguistic communication distinguishingly. 1. 3. 3 Historical linguistics Historical linguistics decidedly is non concerned with the history of linguistics. though historical linguistics has played an of import function in the development of linguistics. It is the chief sort of linguistics practiced in the nineteenth century ( Campbell. 1998. p. 5 ) . Historical linguistics concerns the probe and description of how languages alteration or keep their construction in the class of clip. Language alteration can be easy proved by paperss written in the same linguistic communication but at different periods of history. The differences of give voicing and construction of sentences can reflect the historical development of linguistic communication. From series of dateable paperss. Lord’s Prayer widely recorded the history of world. and different versions help us analyse the linguistic communication of each period ( Bynon. 1978. p. 7 ) . Meanwhile we can besides detect that certain construction regulations are still used in current linguistic communication. There are some concepts and regulation that link the grammars of two different but related linguistic communications. which descend from a individual original linguistic communication. sharing a common ascendant. More accurately. historical linguistics trades with the sorts of alterations. and the techniques and methods we have use to detect history. instead than the beginning of words themselves ( Campbell. 1998. p. 5 ) . 1. 3. 4 Anthropological linguistics Anthropological lingual is the survey of dealingss between linguistic communication and civilization. It is related to human biological science. knowledge and linguistic communication. It belongs to the field of lingual anthropology. which is a subdivision of anthropology that surveies human-beings through the linguistic communication they use ( Wikipedia. 2007. parity. 1 ) . Some Linguists who explore theanthropological linguistics consider these subjects such as chimpanzee communicating. pidgins and Creoles. structural linguistics. entire linguistic communications. whorf hypothesis. etc. 1. 3. 5 Pragmatics Harmonizing to Kate ( 2000 ) . pragmatics is one of the two chief Fieldss in the survey of lingual significance. Pragmaticss trades with natural linguistic communication. while linguistic communication is ever used in context for an intended intent. The hearers must seek to hold on the significance implied. enrich the thoughts. and eventually do out the sentiment that what the talkers meant when speaking about a peculiar look ( Kate. 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Yule ( 1996 ) . pragmatics surveies the context in which the vocalization is produced every bit good as the purpose of linguistic communication user. ’ That means matter-of-fact intending depends on context or state of affairs. Without context. significances can be obscure and may be misunderstood by people. Two of the subdivisions are: speech Acts of the Apostless that cover requesting’ . commanding’ . questioning’ and informing’ . and niceness that shows the consciousness of another person’s face. In short. sociolinguistics is the analysis of interrelatedness of linguistic communication and society. Neurolinguistics is the survey of the encephalon and how it functions in linguistic communication. Historical linguistics is the consideration of linguistic communication alteration and how different linguistic communications are related to each other. Anthropological linguistics is the survey of linguistic communication and civilization. There are some other subjects in linguistics. Pragmaticss trades with the speakers’ significance. The five mentioned above are some chief subjects in linguistics. Different subjects of linguistics enrich the content of lingual. The survey of linguistics tends to be more and more elaborate and completed. 1. 4 Language Acquisition This chapter began with a general debut to linguistic communication survey. It ends with a consideration of the acquisition of linguistic communication. incorporating first. 2nd and foreign linguistic communication. which is affected by the relationship between instructor and scholar. Some experient pedagogues advise that it is merely through larning to talk a linguistic communication that you can to the full analyse it ( Everett 2001 ) . Acquisition’ is described as happening in self-generated linguistic communication contexts ( Krashen. 1982 ) . is subconscious. and leads to colloquial eloquence. 1. 4. 1 First linguistic communication acquisition For a kid. larning first linguistic communication is automatic. non after get downing school. non in specific circumstance and non by great attempts ( Yule. 2006 ) . It requires merely basic physical capableness of directing and having sounds straight or indirectly. and interaction with others utilizing this linguistic communication. Children are brought up in peculiar environments. being affected by different milieus. particularly by those people whom they spend most of their clip interacting with. Babies start express themselves through some simple vocalization. such as some vowel-like sounds. Children addition increasing abilities at different development phases. from bring forthing single-unit vocalization to bring forthing address by pass oning through looks ( Yule. 2006 ) . since they are able to understand what others said. This a large measure frontward. like discontinuing toddling and being capable of walking steadily. forwards. or backwards. As kids are being progressively exposed to communicating and interaction. their linguistic communication accomplishments are developing quickly because of the enlargement of vocabulary. They are neer forced to talk first linguistic communication and rarely be corrected by others. but they correct themselves through interactions every twenty-four hours. Then kids learn to utilize verbs in different sentences. and how to utilize different words to organize a sentence ( Yule. 2006 ) . They bit by bit learn to inquire inquiries right and how to utilize the word no in their addresss to show negative significances. The last phase of first linguistic communication acquisition is the ability of doing meaningful sentence ( Yule. 2006 ) . There is monolithic fluctuation in the rate at which characteristics of one’s first linguistic communication are acquired. 1. 4. 2 Second linguistic communication acquisition. Bing able to talk first linguistic communication is one of the basic accomplishments of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Except for the minority of people who are bilingual talkers. most of the scholars have no entree to a 2nd linguistic communication until our late childhood. Actually most of the Chinese scholars are now larning English as a foreign linguistic communication. because it is instantly back to Chinese speech production clip out of the schoolroom. But subsequently on they may hold the opportunity of larning it as a foreign linguistic communication in a native speech production environment. during submergence semesters. when they will get this 2nd linguistic communication in fortunes similar to those of Chinese acquisition. There are evidently differences in foreign linguistic communication accomplishment. sometimes related to differences in aptitude ( Carroll. 1982 ) . sometimes to affectional factors ( Gardner A ; Lambert. 1972 ) . sometimes to learner schemes ( Naiman. Frohlicn. Stern A ; Tedesco. 1978 ) . sometimes to environmental factors such as chances for linguistic communication usage or instructional conditions ( Long. 1982 ) . and sometimes merely to clip ( Carroll. 1975 ) . Human existences have the ability to larn more than one linguistic communication all through one’s live. Farwell ( 1963 ) ( cited in Taylor. 1976 ) studies that a British adventurer in the nineteenth century claimed to hold spoken more than 40 linguistic communications and idioms. Normally. nevertheless. after the age of 10. the acquisition of 2nd linguistic communication is really different from the manner one acquired his first linguistic communication. which is comparatively slower and can non accomplish native-like proficiency. 1. 4. 3 Educational factors Most of us begin larning 2nd linguistic communication in teenage old ages. disbursement merely few hours on it every twenty-four hours and for most of the day-to-day activities we use our female parent lingua. Consequently. we will meet tonss of troubles in larning 2nd linguistic communication without adequate exposure to it. Therefore. the mostly distinguished portion of geting first and 2nd linguistic communication should be linguistic communication instructors. In order to larn a 2nd linguistic communication. we must larn from a instructor. or at least follow their counsel. The schoolroom is a really powerful instrument of direction and it can command linguistic communication larning in a really direct manner ( Richard. T. A ; Roger. H. ) . As linguistic communication instructors. we should concentrate on students’ demands and follow learner-centered attacks. We should leave cognition in a more practical manner so the pupils can have easy. Keep the category disciplined and orderly so that pupils can larn most efficaciously from the lessons. There are frequently the state of affairss that the pupils seldom voluntary replies. and the instructor sometimes has to name on person and delay for a long clip before a response is forthcoming. Why non seek interrupting off from typical Hong Kong schoolroom patterns in category? Like. pupils do non hold to stand up to recognize instructors. and they do non hold to raise their custodies or stand up when they answer inquiries. In a relaxed schoolroom atmosphere. pupils will experience free to interact. They will non fall silent when the instructor enters the room. so stand up and intone a choral salutation. If the students are put in this place in the schoolroom. they can be more efficaciously kept in their topographic point in societal life. During the category. we instructors should neer state like this: I am your instructor. By the authorization vested in me I have the right to inquire you to act in a certain manner. whether you like it or non. And you. in your function have the duty to obey ( Widdowson. H. G. ) . Whereas. we should state that in another manner: Make this because I am the instructor and I know what’s best for you. but non Do this because I am stating you and I am the instructor. This difference has the advantage of mostly increasing engagement in the usage and pattern of linguistic communication. 1. 4. 4 Drumhead Approachs to the acquisition of linguistic communication history for different backgrounds of learns’ first linguistic communication. and different conditions of exposure. In geting linguistic communication. scholars frequently go through transitional phases of development. which is at distinguished rates. Mentions Cruse. A. ( 2004 ) . Meaning in linguistic communication: an debut to semantics and pragmatics. Oxford. New York. Oxford University Press. Bynon. T. ( 1983 ) . Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Campbell. L. ( 1998 ) . Historical Linguistics-An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Dechert. H. W. ( 1990 ) . Current tendencies in European 2nd linguistic communication. Great Britain: WBC Print. Bristol. Fabbro. F. ( 1999 ) . The Neurolinguistics of Bilingualism. Psychology Press Ltd. Fromkin. V. . Rodman. R. . A ; Hyams. N. ( 2006 ) . An debut to linguistic communication ( 8th ed. ) . Boston. MA: Heinle A ; Heinle. Palmer. F. R. ( 1976 ) . Semanticss: a new lineation. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Geoffrey. F. ( 2005 ) . Cardinal Concepts In Language And Linguistics. USA: Palgrave Macmillan. Kate. K. ( 2000 ) . Semantics. Basingstoke. England. Macmillan. Katamba. F. ( 2006 ) . Morphology. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. Marie E. A ; John P. ( 1991 ) . Language and Learning. Melbourne: Oxford University Press O’ Mally. J. M. . A ; Chamot. A. U. ( 1990 ) . Learning schemes in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Cambridge University Press. Matthews. P. H. ( 1997 ) . Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford. University Press. USA. Peter. R. ( 2000 ) . English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge University Press. Ronald. W. ( 2006 ) . An Introduct

The Conflic of Hong Kong vs China

The Conflic of Hong Kong vs China Hong Kong is a part of China, but it has a unique history that affects the way people from Hong Kong (also known as Hong Kongers) interact with and perceive the mainland today. To understand why Hong Kongers and mainland Chinese often don’t get along, you need to first understand the basics of Hong Kong’s modern history. Heres a breakdown to help you understand the longstanding feud. The History of Hong Kong Hong Kong was occupied by the British army and then subsequently ceded to England as a colony as a result of the Opium Wars in the mid-19th century. While it had previously been considered a part of the Qing dynasty empire, it was ceded to the Brits in perpetuity in 1842. And although there were some minor changes and periods of upheaval, the city remained a British colony, in essence, up until 1997 when control was formally handed over to the People’s Republic of China. Because it had been a British colony during the formative years of the People Republic of China, Hong Kong was quite different from mainland China. It had a democratic system of local government, a free press, and a culture that was deeply influenced by England. Many Hong Kongers were suspicious or even fearful of the PRC’s intentions for the city, and indeed some fled to Western countries prior to the takeover in 1997. The Peoples Republic of China, for its part, has assured Hong Kong that it will be allowed to retain its self-governing democratic system for at least 50 years, and it is currently considered a â€Å"Special Administrative Region† and not subject to the same laws or restrictions as the rest of the People’s Republic of China. Hong Kong vs. China Controversies The sharp contrast in system and culture between Hong Kong and the mainland has caused a fair amount of tension in the years since the handover in 1997. Politically, many Hong Kongers have grown increasingly resentful of what they see as increasing mainland meddling in their political system. Hong Kong still has a free press, but pro-mainland voices have also taken control of some of the city’s major media outlets, and in some cases have caused controversy by censoring or downplaying negative stories about China’s central government. Culturally, Hong Kongers and mainland tourists frequently come into conflict when the mainlanders’ behavior doesn’t live up to Hong Konger’s strict British-influenced standards. Mainlanders are sometimes derogatorily called â€Å"locusts,† a reference to the idea that they come to Hong Kong, consume its resources, and leave a mess behind when they leave. Many of the things Hong Kongers complain about- spitting in public and eating on the subway, for exaple- are considered socially acceptable on the mainland. Hong Kongers have been especially annoyed by mainland mothers, some of whom come to Hong Kong to give birth so that their children can have access to the relative freedom and the superior schools and economic conditions in the city as compared to the rest of China. In past years, mothers also sometimes came to Hong Kong to buy massive quantities of milk power for their infants, as the supply on the mainland was distrusted by many following the tainted  milk powder scandal. Mainlanders, for their part, have been known to lash back and what some of them see as â€Å"ungrateful† Hong Kong. Peoples Republic of China nationalist commentator Kong Qingdong, for example, caused a major controversy in 2012 when he called Hong Kong people â€Å"dogs,† a reference to their alleged nature as submissive colonial subjects, which led to protests in Hong Kong. Can Hong Kong and China Ever Get Along? Trust in mainland food supplies is low, and Chinese tourists are not likely to change their behavior significantly in the immediate future, nor is the Peoples Republic of China government likely to lose interest in influencing Hong Kong politics. Given the significant differences in political culture and systems of government, it is likely that tension between Hong Kongers and some mainland Chinese will remain for some time to come.

Some botanists argue that in some cases the extraction of starch from Essay

Some botanists argue that in some cases the extraction of starch from sago palm is an easier alternative to traditional agricult - Essay Example One conclusion drawn from the research include the idea of using traditional sago palm as a source of starch proves to require more research before it can be implemented at a wider scale. According to Ellen, â€Å"†¦because variability in ecology, management, methods of working, and productivity are intrinsic to all individual sago-harvesting populations, it is, therefore a crucial parameter in understanding its adaptive features as a mode of subsistence and a source of food.† There is therefore a need for further study of the sago palm before it can be used as a substitute to traditional sources of starch. Another conclusion drawn from the research is that the skills and procedure needed in the extraction of starch from sago palm is more like â€Å"deliberately socially transmitted knowledge† (Ellen). This means that in order for one to perfect the extraction process, there must first be a knowledge of the culture that produces it, for sago extraction in the Pacif ic Islands and Southeast Asia is clearly interwoven in the culture of the people involved in it. Is this an interdisciplinary study? Explain your answer.   Ellen’s study is one which is interdisciplinary in nature. The reason is that the process of starch extraction from the traditional sago palm required the author to delve into the culture of the people of South Central Seram in Indonesia, who first developed the process. Without a knowledge of how the people incorporated the starch extraction process in their culture and without enough information on the traditional steps in starch extraction undertaken by the Seram natives, perfect use and further development of the technology would be impossible. Moreover, Ellen mentions a little bit the impact of the utilization of sago palm trees on the environment and the ecological balance of the area. Ellen’s study therefore combines biology, ecology and anthropology. Why is the number of structural components of the extrac tion apparatus not necessarily a gauge of the complexity or efficiency of the process?   The number of structural components of the basic extraction apparatus does not determine the efficiency of the process because the apparatus â€Å"can be modified and elaborated in numerous ways† depending on the overall desired result of the extraction process (Ellen). For example, the troughs can be arranged in many ways or more troughs can be added depending on what the priority of the extraction is, such as maximizing the amount of extracted starch. It is clear that no matter how many variations are done in this part of the process, the principle is still simple. What basic principles had to have been known to develop the technology?   Among the principles that need to have been known before the technology can be developed would include the seven core operations of sago extraction itself: â€Å"cutting, excavating, pounding, pressing or filtering with water, sedimentation and dra ining† (Ellen). Without a knowledge of such basic operations, one would not be able to exactly determine which part of the starch extraction technology needs the most improvement and development in order to maximize yield. Moreover, owing to the fact that sago palm starch extraction requires an interdiscipli

De Beers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

De Beers - Case Study Example This $400 million employs 760 people, working day and night. De Beers is at present being faced with a quantity of new challenges that are making it essential for us to believe a change in the way that they do business. With new chaos in Western Africa, where illegal diamonds are starting to come from war torn villages, as well as other sources of diamonds are being discovered in Russia as well as Australia, it is obvious that they seriously need to start to move into the U.S. market. Antitrust law permits the imposition of a maximum fine of $10 million, or twice the gain or loss caused by a price-fixing scheme. The indictment does not specify how much the scheme cost purchasers of industrial diamonds. (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/10/business/worldbusiness/10diamond.htmlex=1247112000&en=20aa08705cd558b8&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland) A PEST analysis has been performed on the current situation facing De Beers. In the following section, I will focus on the most important problems identified in the PEST analysis for which we must find solutions and also on the most important positive forces that we must leverage to our advantage in order to maintain or gain market share. Please see Exhibit 1 for details on the PEST analysis and additional information on other issues we are facing and forces that might help or hinder our market share in the U.S. The most important of the problems we are faced with are due to Political issues in the United States and elsewhere. Due to war in western Africa, diamonds are beginning to flow from the war torn fields of Sierra Leone and Angola, and in Russia, mines are being controlled locally as opposed to in collaboration with De Beers. These challenges alone pose a threat to the power that De Beers currently holds over the diamond industry. Due to these challenges, we initiated a branding campaign attempting to brand De Beers diamonds to the consumers. This campaign was cantered in the U.S., where "legally, the entire De Beers group - its officers, its operations, its marketing structure - was in violation of the U.S. antitrust law" .This prohibited De Beers from directly selling in the United States. Additionally, a political issue that we need to leverage to our advantage is the U.S. foreign policy towards helping to rebuild Africa. These political issues will be further addressed in the reco mmendations section. Economically, there is an expected surge in diamond sales expected to occur in the U.S. this year. This emphasizes

The Olympic Games Essay Example for Free

The Olympic Games Essay There were many factors that helped shape the Olympic Games from 1892 to 2002. Originally, Olympic Games were conducted in Ancient Greece in hopes of uniting its city-states Athens and Sparta and to promote peace through sports activity. When Olympic Games were resurrected in 1892, they had the same goal of promoting peace in the world. Over time factors such as nationalism, The Cold War, changes in global economy and a rise in feminism facilitated changes in the Olympic Games. However, a great additional document to add would be a personal letter from one of the German athletes or a bar graph before the world wars had taken place. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, World War I and World War II occurred followed by The Cold War. Countries entered the Olympic Games in hopes of finding peace through friendly competition, while leaving their individual problems behind. In document 1, Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic movement in 1892 thought, â€Å"Reduction of the chances of war helps promote peace†. This quote means that when the countries came together for friendly competition at the Olympic Games, wars weren’t taking place. Pierre de Coubertin also believed that the Olympics Games helped promote peace and as founder, he wanted everyone to feel a sense of unity within them. The author of document 6 shares the same belief. The Soviet Union committee believed that, â€Å"a consistent and peaceful foreign policy† had a dramatic influence on the 1980 Olympics. The Soviet Union/USSR believed this because in 1980 the pressure on Soviet Union to end the Cold War was increasing. By hosting Olympic Games in 1980, USSR was eager to show their will to come together with the world in a peaceful manner. Although Pierre de Coubertin and the Soviet Union Committee believed that the Olympic Games would help promote peace, some nations and countries just wanted to win out of pride and return home with glory. Nationalism is another factor that played part in shaping the Olympic Games. In document 3, Arnold Lunn, a British Olympic team official at the 1936 games believed, â€Å"The Nazis had to prove that they were the best at skiing† and that â€Å"Nazism is better than democracy. † However, because the 1936 games were held before World War II, it brought the conflict of various ideologies. Due to their belief in their supremacy, the German athletes were forced to cheat such as using closed course for practice. They just couldn’t afford to lose. Also, in document 4, Bob Matthias, a United States competitor from the 1952 games, expressed his point of view. Bob Matthias stated, â€Å"There were many pressures on the American athletes to defeat the Soviet team†¦ they were in real sense the enemy†. Because he was a USA competitor, it was the natural feeling of patriotism towards his country to feel this way towards the USSR, USA’s enemy. This also made the Olympic Games seem like a battle between countries, capitalist and communist ideologies, instead of a friendly competition between countries. In addition, document 10 expresses national pride. Ali Kabir, a sports writer for the newspaper Dawn states, â€Å"our team finished 2nd to India in the 1956 Olympics†¦ the current national team tarnished the country’s name†. Ali believed that the Pakistan’s men’s field hockey team won at the 1956 and the 1960 Olympics because they felt pride towards their country. He also believes that the current national team lost pride in their country, therefore they didn’t prevail. As you can see, documents 3, 4 and 10 show how nationalism affected the Olympic Games. Another factor that had major influence on the Olympic Games in addition to nationalism was the global economy. Many countries wanted to host the Olympics to attract visitors to their country and to demonstrate their power. The Olympic Games were also beneficial for the economy. Ryotaro Azuma, mayor of Tokyo and chairman of 1964 games committee stated, â€Å"Without the magic of the Olympics, we might not have gotten what we needed to rise as a world power†. Ryotaro believed this, because as a Mayor he saw firsthand the important role of tourism for the city of Tokyo, which has become one of the top economic cities in the world. Ryotaro Azuma also believed that the Olympic Games helped Tokyo achieve this economic success. Furthermore, document 7 was written from a Japanese economist stating his point of view. This person states, â€Å"Korea failed to display its industrial and economic power worldwide. † He believed that although Seoul was hosting the Olympics of 1988, they did not use the opportunity to benefit economically. He also believed that other countries such as Japan and USA dominant over South Korea on political, industrial and economic terms because they were actively sponsoring the Games. Yet another document, document 9, is a bar graph representing the amount of money spent for broadcasting different Olympic Games. Since it is clear that this amount increased by hundreds of millions from Game to Game, one could infer that the Olympic Games could be used by the host countries to â€Å"show off† through publicity and broadcasting and to also bring in huge revenues . Lastly, a major driving factor shaping the Olympic Games was the feminist movement. Document 2 is a picture of Sybil Newall, a British competitor in the 1908 games. At that time, only two percent of women were athletes. Sybil was one of the few women who was able to participate in the Olympic Games. In Document 8, a female Algerian athlete by the name Hassiba Boulmerka was greatly involved in the feminist movement. She participated in the 1992 games. Hassiba believed that all women were very capable of being athletes just as well as any other man even though at that time in her society women were turned down. She also believed women had potential; she wanted to see women rise up in the world and be equal to any man. Her belief materialized in the rate of participating female athletes, which grew to twenty-nine percent. This growth is ongoing as many more females participate in Olympic Games each year. Factors such as nationalism, a rise in feminism and the global economy allowed the Olympic Games movement to become what it is today. Today, the Olympics promote the importance of the feminist movement, importance of religious and national freedom and peaceful co-existence of various cultures. From Ancient Greece to modern day Olympic Games, the transformation is incredible!

Essay --

Pomacea insularum Pomacea insularum commonly known as the apple snail is a species of snail from the class Gastropoda. P. insularum are found in warm wetlands habitats. They are capable of fast growth rates and reproduce many offspring which increases their capability to quickly invade different ranges. Recently this species has been spreading through southern United States and altering the environments in which they are found. The Pomacea insularum species in round in shape and is usually brown, black, and yellowish tan. P. insularum may reach 150 mm in length or the size of an apple. Their offspring are large egg masses that are a bright pink color. Pomacea insularum look very similar to Pomacea canaliculata making it difficult to properly identify. To better control the invasive species P. insularum it is important to understand the native range, invasive range, and related species. The known native range of this species is Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The Apple Snail generally inhabit areas with slow moving or stagnant waters in lowland swamps, marshes, irrigation canals, streams, ponds, lakes and rivers. Currently the species is invading in several areas of the world including several countries in the Asian and European continents. Another continent that P. insularum is found in is North America specifically the southern United States. States that have the species are Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Texas. The first sighting of P. insularum in many of these states were in the 2000’s while in Texas the first sited was 1989. A study done by Howell surveyed 393 sites in Texas and P. insularum was found in 53 of the sites. The snail was found in low densities in ponds and streams but in agr... ...dling age from two to five weeks resulted in significant reductions in snail damage. Management of the apple snails may have to target the entire genus of Pomacea since there are so many invasive species of Pomacea in the United States. Forecasting the potential range of the Pomacea insularum is important for management of the species. Pomacea insularum lives in habits that are generally warm and composed of wetlands. Currently P. insularum is found in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Texas. These states all have areas that are warm and have wetlands. Under current climate conditions Pomacea insularum should not spread much farther through the United States. Along with the right climate P. insularum needs the waters to be ph that is greater than 5.5. If the ph levels are lower than this number the snail’s survival and persistence declines.

Sealed Air Company Hbs Case

For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Harvard Business School 9-582-103 Rev. September 24, 1985 Sealed Air Corporation The president and chief executive officer of Sealed Air Corporation, T. J. Dermot Dunphy, explained the firm’s 25% average annual growth in net sales and net earnings from 1971 to 1980: The company’s history has been characterized by technical accomplishment and market leadership. During the last 10 years we built on our development of the first closed-cell, lightweight cushioning material, introduced the first foam-in-place packaging system, and engineered the first complete solar heating system for swimming pools.We intend to follow the same management guidelines in the 1980s. We intend to seek market leadership because market leadership optimizes profit, and foster technological leadership because it is the only long-term guarantee of market leadership. In July 1981 Barrett Hauser, product manager of Sealed Air’s Air Cellular Products, was refle cting on Dunphy’s management philosophy as he considered how Sealed Air should respond to some unanticipated competition in the protective packaging market.As product manager, Hauser was responsible for the closed-cell, light-weight cushioning material that Dunphy had mentioned. Sealed Air’s registered trademark name for this product was AirCap. 1 AirCap cushioning materials had always faced a variety of competitors in the protective packaging market. More recently, however, several small regional producers had invented around Sealed Air’s manufacturing process patents and begun to market cheap imitations of AirCap in the United States. AirCap Cushioning and Its CompetitorsAirCap cushioning was a clear, laminated plastic sheet containing air bubbles of uniform size (see Exhibit 1). The feature that differentiated AirCap cushioning from all other bubble products was its â€Å"barrier-coating†: each AirCap bubble was coated on the inside with saran. This gr eatly increased air retention, meaning less compression of the material during shipment and, consequently, better protection. Barrier-coating and its customer benefits had been the central theme of Sealed Air’s AirCap cushioning selling effort for 10 years. Sealed Air, AirCap, and Instapak are registered  ® trademarks of Sealed Air Corporation. Solar Pool Blanket is a TM trademark of the same corporation. Robert J. Dolan, associate professor, prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Certain nonpublic data have been disguised. Copyright  © 1982 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Between 1971 and 1980 Sealed Air and Astro Packaging of Hawthorne, New Jersey, were the only air bubble packaging material producers in the United States.Sealed Air licensed Astro to use Sealed Air’s patented technology. Astro produced two types of bubbles: a barrier bubble similar to AirCap,2 and an uncoated bubble. Its sales were split about evenly between the two. In 1980 Astro’s total U. S. sales were approximately $10. 5 million, compared with $25. 35 million in U. S. sales for AirCap cushioning. Sealed Air’s market education had made customers aware of the advantages of coated bubbles; consequently, uncoated bu bbles had never achieved greater than a 15% dollar share of the U.S. market before 1980. In July 1981 uncoated bubble operations were being set up in Ohio, California, and New York. GAFCEL, which served the metropolitan New York market, was the only competitor yet to achieve significant sales volume. Two GAFCEL salespeople—one full time, the other about half time—had reached a $1 million annual sales rate. Several of AirCap’s distributors had taken on the GAFCEL line. Hauser was preparing to recommend Sealed Air’s reaction to these somewhat unanticipated competitors.The firm could produce an uncoated bubble as cheaply as GAFCEL within a month with no major capital investment; it could run on machines used for another Sealed Air product. If Hauser were to recommend that the historic champion of barrier-coating offer an uncoated bubble, he would have to specify timing, the marketing program for the new product, and any adjustments in policies for AirCap cus hioning and Sealed Air’s other products. As Hauser thought about his options, he again flipped through the training manual recently distributed to Sealed Air’s sales force: â€Å"How to Sell against Uncoated Bubbles. †The Protective Packaging Market The three major use segments of the protective packaging market were: 1. Positioning, blocking, and bracing: These protective materials had to secure large, heavy, usually semirugged items in a container. Typical applications included shipment of motors and computer peripherals. 2. Flexible wraps: These materials came under less pressure per square foot. Applications included glassware, small spare parts, and light medical instruments. 3. Void fill: These materials were added to prevent movement during shipping when an item and its protective wrap (if any) did not fill its carton.The positioning, blocking, and bracing market was unique because of the heavier weights of items shipped. Flexible wrap and void fill were sometimes hard to separate because it was convenient to use the same product for both functions. The key distinction was that loose fills (for instance, polystyrene beads) dominated the void fill market but provided no cushioning protection and, hence, did not qualify as flexible wrap. Until 1970 most materials used for protective packaging were produced primarily for other purposes. Heavy, paper-based products had dominated the market. Sealed Air was one of the first Astro’s barrier bubble and the AirCap bubble differed in both manufacturing process and coating material. Astro used nylon rather than saran. The basic idea of reinforcing the polyethylene bubbles to improve air retention was, however, the same. 2 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 companies to approach the market with a customer orientat ion, i. e. , it began product development with an assessment of packagers’ needs.Since then a variety of products specifically designed for protective packaging had appeared. Sealed Air served these markets with two products: 1. Instapak ® foam-in-place systems (1980 worldwide sales of $38. 8 million) could accommodate any application, though their most advantageous use was for heavy items. In this process two liquid chemicals were pumped into a shipping container. The chemicals rapidly expanded to form a foam cushion around the product. Instapak’s comparative advantage resulted in a majority of applications in positioning, blocking, and bracing. . AirCap bubbles (1980 worldwide sales of $34. 3 million) primarily served the flexible wrap and void fill markets. In addition to coated and uncoated polyethylene air bubbles, there were two major competitors in these markets: paper-based products (cellulose wadding, single-face corrugated, and indented kraft), and foams (p olyurethane, polypropylene, and polyethylene). An excerpt from an AirCap promotional brochure in Exhibit 2 shows how Sealed Air positioned AirCap as a cost-effective substitute for these competitive products and loose fills.The brochure first pointed out the cost savings from AirCap cushioning, then presented results of â€Å"fatigue† and â€Å"original thickness retention† tests to demonstrate AirCap’s protective superiority. Exhibit 3 compares products competitive with AirCap cushioning and Exhibit 4 gives their U. S. Iist prices, which represent relative costs for any order size from an end user. Quantity discounts were offered on all materials. Buying Influences The proliferation of packaging products and the lack of easily demonstrable universal superiority caused confusion among end users.For example, products such as pewter mugs were shipped around the United States in AirCap cushioning, Astro coated bubbles, or even old newspapers. Users were a varied lo t. Some bought on a scientific price/performance basis. They understood â€Å"cushioning curves† such as those in Exhibit 5. Sealed Air could provide independently measured cushioning curves for competitive products as well as its own. Regardless, many firms did their own testing. At the other end of the spectrum were firms with â€Å"a purchasing-department mentality,† as some packaging materials suppliers put it.Price per square foot was their first consideration, delivery their second. As one Sealed Air executive commented, â€Å"To these people, cushioning curves are like accounting numbers. They think you can make them say anything you want. † There were no systematically collected data on the buying process or the extent to which price dominated performance in the purchase decision. Based on his experience as a district sales manager and now product manager, Hauser guessed that a packaging engineer influenced about 40% of the material purchase decisions. 3 This document is authorized for use only by Md.Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation The U. S. Market In 1980, dollar sales by segment in the U. S. protective packaging market were: †¢ †¢ †¢ Positioning, blocking, and bracing: $585 million Flexible wrap: $126 million Void fill: $15. 6 million Exhibit 6 breaks down total sales for the flexible wrap market by product type for 1975, 1978, and 1980. AirCap cushioning annual sales in the United States since 1972 were: Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Gross Sales (in millions) $7. 10. 0 13. 0 12. 8 14. 6 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 Gross Sales (in millions) $16. 4 18. 4 21. 2 25. 3 Despite the high cost of coated bubbles relative to the uncoated product, Sealed Air had kept most of the U. S. air bubble market. Key factors were Sealed Air’s patent protection and licensing of only one competitor, ext ensive market education, and the packaging mentality in the United States. Packaging engineers enjoyed a status in U. S. organizations not accorded them elsewhere. Packaging supplies were viewed as a productive, cost-saving resource.In contrast, recent research by Sealed Air indicated that many European firms viewed packaging supplies as â€Å"expendable commodities. † The European Market Sealed Air had manufacturing operations in England and France and a sales organization in Germany. 3 It was the only company selling a coated product in these countries. Sales figures for 1980 were: Country England France Germany Total Bubble Sales $3,649,000 4,480,000 7,688,000 AirCap Sales $2,488,500 592,200 404,600 3 The firm also had a manufacturing facility in Canada and a sales organization in Japan.Sealed Air licensees operated manufacturing facilities in Australia, Mexico, South Africa, and Spain. 4 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal tau ght by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Table A Differing Grades of AirCap Cushioning Bubble Heights SB: SC: ST: SD: 1 8 / in. high, used for surface protection when cushioning requirements were minimal. 3/16 in. high, used primarily for wrapping small, intricate items, possibly for larger items if not very fragile. 5 16 / in. igh, used in same kinds of applications as SC grade, except with slightly greater cushioning requirements. Also used as a void fill. / in. high, used for large, heavy, or fragile items or as a void fill. 1 2 Plastic Film Thicknesses Light duty (110): each layer of film was 1 mil (1/1,000 of an inch) thick; used for light loads. Regular duty (120): one layer of 1 mil and one layer of 2 mils; for loads up to 50 lbs. per sq. ft. Heavy duty (240): one layer of 2 mils and one of 4 mils; for loads up to 100 lbs. per sq. ft. Super duty (480): one layer of 4 mils and one of 8; for l oads over 100 lbs. er sq. ft. England. Sealed Air had developed the protective packaging market here and had good distribution. Later on, Sansetsu, a Japanese firm, began marketing a high-quality uncoated product made in Germany. Prices for the uncoated bubble were 50% less than the cost of comparably sized AirCap cushioning. Sansetsu and other uncoated bubble manufacturers had chipped away at Sealed Air’s one-time 90% market share. The most pessimistic Sealed Air distributors estimated that the firm would lose 50% of its current market share to uncoated bubbles within three years. France.Here, Sealed Air owned an uncoated bubble manufacturer SIBCO, with sales of $750,000 in 1980. In 1972 SIBCO was the only marketer of uncoated bubbles in France. Two major competitors, one with superior production facilities, had entered the market. Uncoated bubbles were priced about 40% lower than AirCap, and price was the key buying determinant. The major French distributor of AirCap cushio ning had a 50-50 mix of coated and uncoated sales in 1978. In 1980 the mix had changed to 70-30 (uncoated over coated), with 90% of new bubble applications being uncoated. Germany.AirCap cushioning was a late entrant (1973) to the German market and never held commanding share. Moreover, from 1978 to 1980, it had lost share at a rate of 20% to 30% per year. Sansetsu had an efficient manufacturing facility in Germany and sold approximately $6 million of uncoated product in 1980. (The price for uncoated was about 35% less than for coated. ) AirCap Cushioning Grades and Sales AirCap cushioning grades differed in bubble height and thickness of the plastic films. Bubble heights were designated by a letter code, and the plastic films came in four thicknesses (see Table A).Sealed Air produced eight different height/thickness combinations (see Table B). Some of the known end uses for each grade are shown in Exhibit 7. 5 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in market ing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Table B Eight Different Height/Thicknesses by Sealed Air Thickness Height (inches) SB-1 8 110 X 120 X X X 240 X X X 480 / SC-3/16 ST-5 16 SD-1 2 / / X Table C AirCap Sales by Grade Sales in 1,000 Square Feet Grade 1/8 in.SB-110 3/16 in. SC-120 SC-240 5/16 in. ST-120 ST-240 1/2 in. SD-120 SD-240 SD-480 Total sales July–December 1979 59,128 76,349 5,036 31,912 4,369 44,252 25,202 3,138 249,386 January–June1980 48,513 81,014 4,426 42,234 3,914 43,624 21,799 1,358 246,882 Note: In addition, because SB-110 could not compete in price against foams for many surface protection applications, Sealed Air introduced an A-100 grade in January 1980. The A-100 bubble was 3/32 in. high—the shortest coated bubble Sealed Air could make with available technology. January to June 1980 sales of A-100 were 17,802,000 sq. ft.Sales by grade for the last six months of 1979 and the first six months of 1980 are shown in Table C. Pricing All AirCap cushioning was sold through distributors. Prices reflected Sealed Air’s costs and the prices of competitive products. Variable costs and prices to the distributor are shown in Table D. Sealed Air’s suggested resale price list is shown in Exhibit 8. Largely because of its selective distribution policy, distributors generally followed this list. The price schedule entailed quantity discounts for end users. Thus, distributor margins varied with the size of the customer’s individual order. Quantity price was determined by the total square footage of a single order, combining all grades, ordered for shipment at one time to a single destination. ) In some major metropolitan areas, up to 50% of AirCap business was truckload/railcar orders by end users. In this event Sealed Air shipped the material from its plant directly to the end user; the distributor received a 10% mar gin and handled user credit and technical service. In some markets the percentage of direct shipments was as low as 10%. 6 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? al taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Selling Effort Sealed Air’s U. S. operation consisted of 7 regional manufacturing operations, 62 salespeople (each selling AirCap cushioning, Instapak, and other Sealed Air products), and 370 distributors. To control the shipping cost of its bulky product, Sealed Air had regional manufacturing operations in three eastern states, Ohio, Illinois, Texas, and California. The regional presence, however, had proven to be an effective sales promotion device as well.Table D AirCap Variable Costs and Distributor Prices (in dollars per 1,000 sq. ft. ) (1) Total Variable Cost $13. 78 16. 01 20. 56 32. 47 30. 65 38. 12 36. 31 44. 45 70. 81 (2) Price to Distrib utor for Truckload Deliverya $20. 60 30. 25 43. 50 56. 30 51. 40 65. 35 65. 35 78. 60 140. 90 (2) – (1) Sealed Air Dollar Margin $6. 82 14. 24 22. 94 23. 83 20. 75 27. 23 29. 04 34. 15 70. 09 Grade A-100 (3/32 in. ) SB-110 (1/8 in. ) SC-120 (3/16 in. ) SC-240 (3/16 in. ) ST-120 (5/16 in. ) ST-240 (5/16 in. ) SD-120 (1/2 in. ) SD-240 (1/2 in. ) SD-480 (1/2 in. ) Manufacturing $12. 46 14. 02 17. 92 29. 83 25. 36 32. 83 28. 38 36. 52 62. 88Freight $1. 32 1. 99 2. 64 2. 64 5. 29 5. 29 7. 93 7. 93 7. 93 a Less than truckload shipments were priced 15% to 20% higher. Consequently, distributors almost always ordered in truckload quantities. They were allowed to mix grades within an order. Depending on the grade ordered, a truckload could contain 70,000 sq. ft. (all SD-480) to 420,000 sq. ft. (all A-100). Before Instapak was acquired in 1976, 28 salespeople devoted 90% of their time to AirCap cushioning products. In 1981 the 62-person force was expected to allocate time as follows: 60 % to Instapak systems, 35% to AirCap cushioning, and 5% to other Sealed Air products. Exhibit 9 shows Sealed Air sales by product line and other financial data. ) Part of Sealed Air’s market share leadership philosophy was a consultative selling approach. Salespeople spent about half their time making cost studies at end-user locations. With the help of Sealed Air’s packaging labs, salespeople attempted to show how their products could save on material and labor cost and reduce damage in the end user’s particular situation. Distributors’ salespeople took orders on AirCap cushioning but did little to demonstrate AirCap use and application to customers.If a distributor’s salesperson identified a potential AirCap account, he or she would inform the Sealed Air salesperson and a joint call would be arranged. In this way the potential account learned about the product and ordering procedures simultaneously. Distributors sometimes complained to Sealed Air about the level of AirCap selling effort. Since distributor’s margins on AirCap cushioning were generally higher than the 10% to 12% for Instapak sales, distributors were not happy with Sealed Air’s greater allocation of salesperson time to Instapak.Some distributors said they would be content if the salesperson in their area really allocated 35% to AirCap; some claimed the actual AirCap selling effort amounted to only 20%. Instapak’s sales growth had been impressive, but some Sealed Air executives felt this had cost them some distributor satisfaction. Both distributors and end users regarded Sealed Air’s salespeople as among the best trained and most knowledgeable in the packaging industry. Sales force salaries were above average. They were composed of a base salary plus commissions of 2% on net AirCap sales and 1% on net sales of all other products, including Instapak. As an added incentive Sealed Air gave salespeople $75 for each Instapak dispenser pl aced. It took back $75 for each one removed. ) In a typical week a salesperson called on 20 end users and checked in with two or three distributors. 7 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation U. S. Distributors During the 1970s Sealed Air invested heavily in developing a selected distributor network. The firm had 370 distributors by 1980.Sealed Air considered 135 of these their â€Å"first-line distributors† because they collectively handled over 80% of its business. The 20 largest AirCap distributors handled about 35% of the business. Larger distributors typically carried both Instapak foam-in-place and AirCap cushioning. The largest distributor of Sealed Air products had 1980 Sealed Air sales of approximately $2 million, just about half of which were AirCap. Distributors traditionally tried to be full-line houses—capable of meeting each customer’s complete packaging needs—so they carried a broad range of products.A survey of Sealed Air’s firstline distributors showed that 83% carried loose fills, 65% carried polyethylene foam, and 29% carried Du Pont’s polypropylene foam. Although most carried competitive products, distributors had displayed loyalty to Sealed Air and AirCap cushioning. Sealed Air, in turn, had kept to its selective distribution policy. Competing Uncoated Bubble Cushioning Sealed Air considered both types of bubbles made by Astro as inferior products. GAFCEL, the new regional producer, made a â€Å"decent product† in Hauser’s estimation; he felt that its success to date came largely at Astro’s expense.The New York metropolitan market was ideal for the new producer. It was not customer- or distributor-loyal, and price was a key variable. Sealed Air’s estimate of GAFCEL sales rates was $750,000 per year for the 1/2-in. -high uncoated bubble and $250,000 per year for the 3/16-in. bubble. Both had two layers of film 2 mils each. GAFCEL’s distributor prices for truckload shipments and suggested resale prices to end users for the metropolitan New York market are shown in Table E. (Astro’s uncoated bubble prices are in Exhibit 4. ) Sealed Air had not yet extensively tested the GAFCEL uncoated bubble.Although it was better than Astro’s uncoated, its performance would not be dramatically different from that found in previous uncoated testing (see Exhibit 2). In terms of cushioning curves, the l/2 in. GAFCEL bubble was comparable to Sealed Air’s ST-120 or SD-120 for very light loads, not greater than 0. 15 lbs. /sq. in. pressure. At greater loads, however, the acceleration curve would increase rapidly, moving above even the SB-110 by pressures of 0. 25 lbs. /sq. in. (see Exhibit 5). 8 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012.For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Table E GAFCEL’s Distributor Prices per 1,000 Sq. Ft. SO-22 (3/16 in. ) LO-22 (1/2 in. ) $36. 03 Distributor truckload Suggested resale by order size: 1,000 sq. ft 20,000 sq. ft 40,000 sq. ft 100,000 sq. ft Truckload $31. 63 $56. 54 47. 12 42. 84 39. 40 34. 79 $75. 24 62. 70 57. 07 44. 68 39. 63 Sealed Air Decisions Sealed Air had conducted a good deal of research on manufacturing uncoated bubble products. It knew the best production process would be similar to that currently used for its Solar Pool Blanketsâ„ ¢.Thus, the firm could begin manufacture of an uncoated product quickly in its New Jersey plant. Likely distributor response to a Sealed Air uncoated product was difficult to predict. Some distributors had requested it, but others regularly complained that there were already too many coated grades. Preliminary estimates of the variable cost s for producing Sealed Air uncoated bubbles were $19 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 3/16 in. height, $20 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 5/16 in. , and $21 per 1,000 sq. ft. for 1/2 in. Freight cost depended on bubble height and distance shipped.Although GAFCEL’s production process was completely different, its production costs were believed to be comparable. Hauser now had to decide whether to recommend that Sealed Air enter the uncoated bubble market (with an about-face on its previous exclusive emphasis on coated bubbles), or whether to suggest some other reaction to its new competitors. 9 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 1 AirCap ® Products and UsesCushioning AirCap ® air bubble cushioning protects products against shock and vibration during handling and shipping by literally floating them on a cushion of air. This material offers consistent performance because our unique barrier-coating guarantees air retention. AirCap withstands repeated impact since it will not fatigue or take a compression set. Cushioning applications include a range of products from lightweight retail items to delicate power supplies weighing several hundred pounds. Choose the grade that best fits your cushioning application! Protective Wrap/InterleavingAirCap is an excellent â€Å"protective wrap† material and ideal for â€Å"interleaving† between similarly shaped items. It is clean, non-abrasive, easy to use and provides superior surface protection. Lay your product on AirCap sheeting, fold it over and your product is fully protected! Typical protective wrap/interleaving applications include china, glassware, printed circuit boards, and spare parts. Void Fill When a void in a package is not completely filled, the cushioned product may migrate within the shipping container. This movement is a m ajor cause of damage in transit.Since large regular-duty AirCap bubbles do not compress, they fill voids effectively and eliminate product movement. Simply stuff AirCap sheeting into the carton, (left) or use an economical rolled â€Å"log. † It’s easy, clean, lightweight, and cost efficient! 10 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. 582-103 -11- Exhibit 2 Sealed Air Presents AirCap as Cost-Effective Substitute Typical Cost-Savings Comparisons 60 Cellulose Wadding Rubberized Hair Type IV Resists Fatigue 50 40 0 Uncoated Bubbles Urethane Foam Polypropolene Foam AirCap % Increase in Shock 20 In the transportation environment packages are subjected to many jolts, bumps, and shocks that can potentially cause damage. To function effectively a cushioning material must retain its ability to protect over a series of repeated impacts. The loss of protective ability during r epeated impact is termed ‘material fatigue. ’ This graph (left) indicates the increased shock an average procut (0. 25 psi) will receive during a ten drop sequence from 24 inches. Test results show barrier-coated AirCap ® outperforms all materials tested. 0 0 1 Number of Impacts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BARRIER-COATING Each individual AirCap bubble is barriercoated to retain the air. AirCap Vs. Corrugated Inserts A distributing firm found that it needed an excessive amount of flowable to prevent product migration. A new AirCap package (left) using a simple criss-cross technique resulted in reduced material, shipping, labor and carton costs. Item Carton Inner packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap IMMEDIATE THICKNESS LOSS AirCap retains its original thickness upon the immediate application of a load (See Below).Loose Fill Package $ . 73 . 75 . 42 3. 02 $4. 92 AirCap Vs. Loose Fills Material Tested A manufacturer using corrugated inserts, cellulose wadding and p olyethylene bags eliminated the need to inventory many packaging components (right) and reduced labor 84% by switching to AirCap (left). Total Thickness Loss Retains Original Thickness Item Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Corrugated Package $ . 55 . 80 . 83 2. 60 $4. 78 AirCap Package $ . 55 1. 05 . 13 2. 40 $4. 13 $ . 65 AirCap Package $ . 47 . 54 . 25 2. 72 $3. 98 $ . 94AirCap SD 240 14% Polypropylene Foam 30% Polyethylene Foam 40% Cellulose Wadding 38% Rubberized Hair IV 51% Uncoated Bubbles 64% (Large) Urethane Foam (1. 25 53% * * pct) Embossed 54% * * Polyethylene (Hex) *30 day evaluation not conducted due to excessive initial thickness loss. Initial Thickness Loss Upon 04 psi Load 7% 19% 16% 26% 24% 14% Gradual Thickness Loss After 30 Days 7% 11% 24% 12% 27% 50% When a load is placed on a cushioning material two things occur that may contribute to a deterioration in its performance. First, is the immediate compression of the material.Second, i s the additional, more gradual loss of thickness termed ‘creep. ’ Generally excessive thickness loss of a material results in increased material usage in cushioning and dunnage applications. Creep may contribute to product damage as the loss of thickness creates a void in a package, allowing the product to move, shift, or migrate. This chart (left) demonstrates how barrier-coated AirCap retains its original thickness better than all materials tested and provides product protection throughout the entire packaging, shipping, handling, and storage cycle.GRADUAL THICKNESS LOSS (CREEP) AirCap’s unique barrier-coating retains the air more effectively than uncoated bubbles, eliminating creep. AirCap Vs. Thin-Grade Foams AirCap Vs. Cellulose Wadding A metering firm discovered it needed only half as much AirCap to achieve the same performance that cellulose wadding provided (right). In addition to lowering material costs, AirCap (left) is clean, lint free, non-abrasive, a nd lightweight. Item AirCap Package An electronic service center employing the use of a thin-grade foam (right) required many layers of wrapping to protect against shock and vibration.Large AirCap bubbles (left) provided superior performance and lower packaging costs. This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ?nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap Cellulose Wadding Package $ . 30 . 22 . 25 1. 35 $2. 12 $ . 22 . 12 . 08 1. 20 $1. 62 $ . 50 CONVENTIONAL CELLULOSE MATERIAL UNCOATED BUBBLES Item Foam Package For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Carton Inner Packaging Labor Freight Total Cost Savings w/ AirCap $ . 46 1. 33 . 66 4. 09 $6. 4 AirCap Package $ . 38 . 87 . 33 3. 94 $5. 52 $1. 02 For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 3 1. Competitive Product Information Cellulose wadding (a paper-based product which tries to trap a ir between piles of sheeting) †¢ Major suppliers: Jiffy Packaging, Hillside, N. J. CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. †¢ Sizes available: Thickness of 0. 17 in. , 0. 25 in. , 0. 37 in. , 0. 50 in. †¢ Advantages/disadvantages: Much cheaper than AirCap in thin grades; will not mark item wrapped; heavier than AirCap (3–4 Ibs. per cu. ft. vs. less than 1 lb. or AirCap) meaning higher shipping cost; excessive compression under heavy loads (see test results, Exhibit 2). Corrugated products (sheets of ribbed cardboard, often cut and perforated to specific sizes) †¢ Major suppliers: About 800 firms manufacturing in 47 states, including larger paper companies. †¢ Advantages/disadvantages: Single face (cardboard with ribs on one side) appreciably cheaper than AirCap on square-foot basis; labor cost of using corrugated usually very high; poor cushioning. Polyethylene foam (thin, smooth, rigid sheets of low-density foam) †¢ Major suppliers: Sentinel Foam P roducts, Hyannis, Mass.CelluProducts Co. , Patterson, N. C. Jiffy Packaging, Hillside, N. J. †¢ Sizes available: 48 or 68 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. †¢ Advantages/disadvantages: Appreciably cheaper than AirCap in thin grades on square-foot basis; does not mark item wrapped; rigid product means hard to work with; tendency to tear; cushioning inferior to AirCap; more expensive than AirCap in thicker grades. Polypropylene foam (thin, coarse, rigid sheets of low-density foam) †¢ Major supplier: Du Pont Microfoam †¢ Sizes available: Standard 72 in. wide rolls of thickness 1/16, 3/32, 3/16, 1/4 in. Advantages/disadvantages: Basically the same as for polyethylene foam. Loose fills (expanded polystyrene beads, peanuts, etc. ) †¢ Major suppliers: Many small firms †¢ Advantages/disadvantages: 50% cheaper than AirCap on cubic foot basis; messy; poor cushioning. Uncoated bubbles (sheets of small air bubbles made of polyethylene film) â₠¬ ¢ Major producer: Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) †¢ Sizes available: 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 3/16, 1/4, 1/2 in. Bubbles also varied in the thickness of the films used. Generally, thicknesses were 1, 2, 3, or 4 mils with increasing film thickness giving greater strength. Advantages/disadvantages: Cheaper than comparable height coated bubble; excessive air loss over time (about 65% height loss under 50 Ibs. per sq. ft. pressure over 30 days vs. 15% for AirCap). Competitive coated bubble (essentially the same as uncoated bubble except nylon film coating added) †¢ Major supplier: Astro, Hawthorne, N. J. (Sealed Air licensee) †¢ Sizes available: 48 in. wide roll standard, bubble heights 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 1/2, 1 in. †¢ Advantages/disadvantages: Under heavy loading, nylon barrier holds up better than Sealed Air’s saran barrier; poor quality control (bubble heights generally 13% less than specified). . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 12 This docume nt is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 4 Suggested End User Prices (in dollars) for Major Competitive Products 1. Paper-Based Cellulose Wadding (Jiffy Packaging) Thickness (in. ) 0. 17 0. 25 0. 37 0. 50 2. Foams Thickness (in. ) 1 16 Price $27. 70 37. 40 50. 60 65. 00 Single-Face Corrugated $22. 75 Jiffy Packaging (polyethylene) $20. 30 25. 90 34. 15 53. 35 na Sentinel Products (polyethylene) $18. 20 24. 00 32. 70 49. 40 naDu Pont Microfoam (polypropylene) $17. 20 25. 17 34. 90 53. 86 109. 72 / / 1/8 3/16 3/8 3 32 3. Competitive Bubbles (Astro) Coated Nylon Bubble Height (in. ) 1 8 3 16 Uncoated—Polyethylene a Film Thickness (mils) 1 and 1 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2 2 and 4 1 and 2 2 and 4 Price $35. 25 49. 50 57. 00 71. 75 87. 75 90. 00 110. 00 Bubble Height (in. ) 3 16 Film Thicknessa (mils) 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 4 Price $47. 00 54. 50 65. 75 / / 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 / / 1/2 1 4 Note: Prices are per 1,000 sq. ft. based on a 50,000 sq. ft. order. a. Each bubble is made of two layers of film. Thicknesses shown are for individual layers in mils.Thicker film produces a stronger product. 13 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air Corporation Exhibit 5 Comparative Cushioning Performance by Grade Engineered To Provide Superior Cushioning The test data on the graph below was developed by the Lansmont Corporation, an independent testing laboratory. The test method used closely simulates actual shipping conditions, and employs the use of an enclosed test block and shock machine.Five bottom drops were executed from 24 inches at each static stress. The last four drops were averaged to arrive at data points used to develop each cushioning effective ness curve. This data illustrates AirCap’s superior performance over a wide range of loadings, and may be used for comparison and to specify the best AirCap grade and thickness for your cushioning requirements. (SD-240 curves taken from data provided in Military Handbook 304-A). 300 SB-110 SC-120 250 SC-120 (2 layers) Peak Acceleration (G’s) 200 SCT-120 150 SD-120 100 ST-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (2 layers) SD-120 (3 layers) SD-240 (4 layers) 50 SD-240 (6 layers) . 05 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 25 . 3 . 35 . 4 Static Stress (psi) Source: AirCap brochure. Note: To be read: For a product exerting 0. 25 Ibs. per sq. in. of pressure on the packaging material while at rest, the peak acceleration (a measure of shock to the product) when dropped from 2 ft. is 118 g. if SD-120 is used, 260 g. if SB-110 is used. 14 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103 Exhibit 6 U. S.Market—Flexible Wraps by Product Type (in millions of manufacturers’ dollars) 1975 1978 23 25 1 49 11 5 6 22 22 93 1980 23 27 1 51 12 7 25 44 31 126 Paper-based Cellulose wadding Single-face corrugated Indented kraft Foamsa Polyurethane Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyethylene air bubbles Coated and uncoated (combined) Total Source: Company records. b 20 20 1 41 10 4 1 15 15 71 a. Sales figures exclude nonpackaging uses, such as construction and furniture industries. b. Figures are for flexible wrap market only and are therefore less than AirCap’s and Astro’s total U. S. sales. Exhibit 7 Grade SB-110AirCap Applications by Grade Package Contents Furnace thermostats Shorthand machines Taco shells Tempered glass sheets Clocks Wooden picture frames Light fixtures Overhead projector lenses Computer components Telephone bell ringers Amplifiers Saucepans Two-way radios Exit alarms Mixers Fryers Carbonless paper rolls Oven burners Pharmaceutical bottles Candleholders Recorders Carburetors Lamps Gallon jugs Computer terminals Printed circuit boards Foil wallpaper Blood coagulation timers Leaded glass windows Custom motorcycle seats Motor controls Shredded paper Packaging Material Displaced (if known) 16-in. Corrugated / polypropylene foam SC-120 SC-240 ST-120 Shredded paper Corrugated Corrugated Corrugated / polyethylene foam Corrugated Urethane foam pads 3 32-in. ST-240 SD-120 Polypropylene foam SD-240 Corrugated Foam pads and corrugated Corrugated Astro uncoated bubble LP-24 SD-480 15 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN 582-103 Sealed Air CorporationExhibit 8 Suggested U. S. Resale Price List, Effective March 1980 Sq. Ft. per Order per Single Destination 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † â⠂¬  Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar Same price per 1,000 sq. t. as SD-120 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar 1,000 or more 5,000 † † 10,000 † † 30,000 † † 50,000 † † Truckload/railcar $107. 85 97. 70 87. 55 81. 40 79. 35 72. 40 130. 75 118. 30 105. 95 98. 55 95. 70 87. 25 232. 75 210. 55 188. 35 175. 55 171. 25 $155. 60 Price per 1,000 Sq. Ft. $34. 30 30. 85 27. 45 25. 70 24. 75 22. 80 50. 00 45. 40 40. 90 38. 10 37. 05 33. 50 71. 0 64. 55 57. 40 53. 75 52. 60 47. 65 93. 40 84. 40 74. 95 70. 20 68. 60 62. 25 85. 30 77. 10 68. 50 64. 25 62. 75 $57. 25 Item (thickness in inches) A-100 (3/32) SB-110 (1/8) SC-120 (3/16) SC-240 (3/16 ) ST-120 (5/16) ST-240 (5/16) SD-120 (1/2) SD-240 (1/2) SD-480 (1/2) 16 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012. For the exclusive use of M. HUSSAIN Sealed Air Corporation 582-103Exhibit 9 Selected Financial Data ($ thousands) 1976 1977 $21,422 15,489 3,595 2,682 $43,188 35,765 $24,270 12,093 (816) 6,009 1978 $25,028 21,133 3,453 4,644 $54,258 43,410 $31,111 14,527 (738) 7,882 1979 $29,996 29,056 3,432 7,951 $70,435 54,325 $43,199 16,855 (278) 10,103 1980 $34,330 38,802 3,688 11,777 $88,597 67,344 $54,125 21,4 85 (119) 12,868 Net sales by class of product Air cellular packaging Foam-in-place packaging Other packaging Recreational and energy prod.Total worldwide United States Costs and expenses Cost of sales Marketing, administration, development Other income (expense) Earnings before income tax $18,872 3,049 4,553 $26,474 – $16,451 6,696 32 3,359 Source: Sealed Air Annual Reports 1979, 1980. 17 This document is authorized for use only by Md. Saquib Hussain in marketing ? nal taught by Suresh Ramanathan from October 2012 to October 2012.