Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example This department would require less personal factors, such as meeting vendors face-to-face at the social level, which would appeal to the authoritarian personality. Intuitive-thinkers would likely perform well at a company such as Google which uses a more idealistic type of organisational structure which encourages ongoing feedback. Workers at this organisation are encouraged to build relationships with colleagues and managers and to give their unique innovations about how to change process or improve business services. This company seems to have the controls and divisions of labour necessary to make the business function, but is idealistic in terms of long-term strategy and scope. The IT would perform best in the customer care division, solving abstract problems of consumers related to their computer systems or business software. The intuitive-feeler would enjoy working with an organisation like Save the Whales, where management would be very broadly defined and it would be a more self-managed environment. Discussions in this decentralized organisation would often occur through email channels or mobile technologies as most of the organisation’s activities occur offsite and in remote parts of the world. The goal of this organisation is to make a considerable contribution to mankind by preserving wildlife. The fundamental mission of the business would appeal to the IT personality. This individual would likely work best in any division which allows for offsite job function. Working directly with the endangered animals and also having no immediate authoritarian to supervise the remote work would likely fulfil the intuitive-feeler at the emotional level. This remote environment would offer independence to the IT and a sense of autonomy. The sensation-feeler would thrive best in an organisation such as NetApp, rated the number one company to work for on Forbe’s 100 Best List. The business has a very down-to-earth leadership team and offers

Examine and comment on Christian and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay Example for Free

Examine and comment on Christian and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay Death is the most fateful experience of each individuals life. Whether it is the end of ones life, or the beginning of a new life, no one knows. Death for the Hindu is merely transition, simultaneously an end to a new beginning. Death for the Christian is destined and is a time of judgement that is made from their former performances in life. These are very different views from two major world religions that both question the different events that may take place after ones death. The Christian faith believes that the body is resurrected at death and the soul of an individual is immortal and continues after death. The doctrines of the church teach Christians that after one dies, they will rise before God and be judged. They believe that Christians who have been faithful throughout their life by worshipping Christ and helping other who are less fortunate. A quotation from Matthew 25: 31-46, One day we shall be called to account for the way we have used our gifts, our opportunities and our energies. Above all, we shall be required for the way we have behaved in relation to the poor, needy and the marginalised, supports the belief of the Christian faith and continues to teach these beliefs to mankind. This judgement that is made by God determines whether a persons soul will spend eternity in heaven or hell. Based on Jesus teachings and other sources of revelation, Christians believe that heaven is a place of eternal life, extravagance and luxury, The best and sweetest flowers of Paradise God gives to his people when they are upon their knees. Prayer is the gate of heaven, a key to let us in to Paradise, There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away (Revelation 21:4), these quotations show Christians believe that heaven is a place for those who have worshipped God and have followed the teachings of Jesus. The bible has portrayed heaven as the kingdom of heaven, where kingdom refers to a place of monarchy and sovereignty, where people will be reunited with God. However, Christians can not just enter heaven when they die, but will have to show that they are worthy of entering heaven, For I tell you, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 5:17-20), this quotation alternatively states that a person who thinks of themselves as higher than God, will never enter heaven. The question that then arises is, where do the unworthy of entering heaven, go after death? The complete alternative of heaven is hell, where people who have carried out immoral acts, such as murder and rape which are forbidden according to the sacred doctrines of the bible, along with people who do not believe in God and have not followed the Christian faith will live eternally in the brutal conditions that hell facilitates, The sword which shall pierce them with the greatest sorrow will be the thought of having lost God, and of having lost Him through their own fault, this quotation gives us a small insight of what hell is portrayed as by Christians. St. Augustine says that in Hell, the damned will be forced to think of nothing but God and that will cause them terrible torment. Biblical quotations such as and shall cast them into a furnace of fire, there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 13:42) and In Matthew 25:41, Jesus says Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, show that Jesus talks about hell as being a place of fire and where souls are burnt and tortured for eternity. Jonathan Edwards preached a sermon which was titled Sinners in the hands of an Angry God. This contained a passage with a quotation There will be no end to this exquisite horrible misery, stating that if a person enters hell, there is no turning back, and they will suffer in the fiery flames of hell. The bible also describes hell as an endless torture scene, with angels and Jesus present either as observers or as officials who are directing the torture of the victims in hell. However, there are two different concepts about the duration of the torture, Annihilationism and traditionalism. Annihilationism is the belief that unsaved individuals will be punished in hell for only a period of time that is appropriate to pay for the nature and frequency of their sins which they were alive on earth. Annihilationists also believe that when a persons punishment has finished, and they have paid the full penalty for their sins, they will be exterminated and their soul will cease to exist in any form. This mean that the soul will not be tortured for any longer, however, they will never enter the kingdom of heaven, which consequently means that at that point, their life has come to an end. In contrast, traditionalism is simply a belief that unsaved individuals will be punished in hell not only for a year, or a decade, but for eternity without any hope of relief, moderation or cessation of the pain. There are many passages and quotations that appear to describe punishment in hell as lasting forever such as the fire that burns them will never be put out (Isaiah 66:24) and And many of those who sleep in the dust of the ground will awake, these to everlasting life, but the others to disgrace and everlasting contempt (Daniel 12.2). These quotations from the bible clearly support the view of traditionalism which shows that even though Gods wish is for all to be saved, the ones who are not will be punished forever. Although this is the view for many Christians, others including Skeptics, Humanists, Atheists, Agnostics generally believe that there is no afterlife and accept that after death, there is personal annihilation. Roman Catholic Christians also have alternative but similar views as they believe that in between heaven and hell, there is purgatory. This is where people who have sinned within their lifetime, but have not sinned to the extent that they must enter hell and be tortured for eternity, are punished for their bad deeds until all penalties have been paid. This enables them to be cleansed from sin and can potentially enter heaven where their soul will rest for eternity. Roman Catholics also believe that people who have family and friends to pray for them after they die will be released from purgatory sooner than those who dont. This is why many Roman Catholics have an overwhelming fear of death as they feel they will certainly suffer, whether it is in hell or purgatory. Pope John Paul issued a piece entitled Incarnationis Mysterium which suggests that Roman Catholics visit certain holy sites to try and reduce the amount of time they will have to spend suffering after death. In this, there is was an appendix called Conditions for Gaining the Jobilee Indulgence which suggested ways for Roman Catholics to attempt to reduce the amount of time spent suffering after they die by carrying out good deeds during their lifetime such as visiting the elderly who live along, the sick, the handicapped etc. Some Roman Catholics carry out these deeds, but the question that has to be asked is, is this being done from the goodness of their heart, or for the goodness of themselves? It is clear that different Christians have different views on life after death, but are similar and can be linked together in some sense, for example, annihilationism is vaguely similar to purgatory in the way that people who have sinned are not punished eternally. However, can this be said for the views on life after death for Christianity and Hinduism? Certainly not, as Hindus have a completely different perspective of afterlife. For Hindus, death is referred to as mahaprasthana which means great journey. Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is the cycle of death and rebirth after a while in spiritual spheres into a new physical body, this is where the soul, which is the true self, remains the same, while the vehicle of the soul to make the needed learning experience changes. Death means nothing else but the loss of a vehicle the soul was using during its many reincarnations, which is a physical body. Saint Tiruvalluvar wrote that death is like falling asleep, and birth is like awakening from that sleep, this quotation shows that no Hindu should really fear death, as an individual is not the body in which they live, but the immortal soul which inhabits many bodies in its evolutionary journey. Samsara is the term referred to by Hindus and means wandering. They believe that the soul wanders from body to body in one lifetime to another. The Bhagavad Gita, which is the holy text for Hindus, teaches that death should not be feared and there is no reason to grieve, For sure is the death of all that is born, sure is the birth of all that dies: so in a matter that no one can prevent, you have no cause to grieve (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2 verse 27). This quotation states that all are born again so there is no point grieving over something that cannot be avoided. However, the reason why all living things are continually reborn is based on the Hindu belief in karma. Karma means action and the law of karma is the law of cause and effect. Hindus believe that the life they are living may not be the first one, and they may have been born many more times before that. The law of karma states that any good or bad deeds than have been carried out in ones life will give an impression and will be carried over to the next life, for example evil and selfish actions will consequently results in a life of suffering. Therefore, it is said to believe that everything has a cause and purpose, What a man becomes in his next life will depend upon his karma (Brihad-aranyaka Upunishad. IV. 4.verse 3). For a Hindu, this belief could provide a strong incentive to live a good, moral life so the fear of suffering in their next life is overcome. The law of karma can also explain the differences in circumstances and inequalities between people around the world. Although many Hindus aspire to a good rebirth, the ultimate goal of any Hindu is for the atman (soul) to escape Samsara altogether and this is known as Moksha. Moksha can be described as perfect peace and happiness, or as the soul losing itself in Brahman. Brahman means God and moksha is a spiritual state of existence in which there is a union with God, When all desires that rest in the heart are liberated shall a mortal man become immortal and attain Brahman, which shows that when all thoughts are put to rest and when the atman is truly identified as the equivalent of the reality of Brahman, an individual will be able to make moksha their goal and achieve it. Yoga may be considered as a way of exercise to keep the body healthy and fit where as the true meaning of yoga is unity and integration, and is the means, methods and discipline that will enable an individual to bring union with a personal God, Brahman. There are three recognised ways of doing this and they are karma yoga, bhakti yoga and jnana yoga. By carrying out these, and using them as a guideline, moksha can be gained. Hindus see their religion as a way of life and many Hindus apply themselves and live their lives wanting to act to the best of their potential in hope that when they die, they will be released from samsara and gain moksha. Christianity and Hinduism are two major religions that are followed worldwide. They also have very contradistinctive views on life after death. However, both Christians and Hindus turn to their religion to find answers for existence along with death. They also hold tenaciously to the beliefs taught by their particular denominations as a way of comfort. One thing that Christians and Hindus have in common is that they both portray religion as a way of life and use scholarly teachings to influence them on which rightful path to follow in life. Death has been questioned for a very long time and no one has been able to answer the question What happens after death?, which means no one really knows what events will take place after we die, where we will go or what will happen to us. Although we try and answer all of these questions with religious beliefs, until one experiences death, the question that has caused distress to people for over 2 millennia still remains, is there an afterlife?

Metamorphosis A Movie :: essays research papers

Metamorphosis, written by Franz Kafka, is a story that deals with the transformation of a human being, Gregor Samsa, into a giant bug. Whether this transformation is a literal transformation, or a transformation only in the mind of Gregor, is a mystery to the reader. Even if the transformation is the main element in the story, there are other themes that arise from the story. One of those themes could be considered as a moral of the story. That moral of the story could be that some humans, in this case Gregor, try to help others before helping themselves. The moral of the story could be that before trying to help others in their lives, people should first help themselves, otherwise those who help are going to be taken advantage of and at the end they will be left with nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gregor is a good example of this moral of the story because he always looking out for his family, and always helping them out. One example of a sacrifice that he makes is when Gregor works in a company where his parents have a very high debt, and Gregor works there in order to pay the debt. In his mind he admits, “If I didn’t hold back for my parents sake, I would have quit long ago'; (4). From this quote it is obvious that while trying to make his parents happy, Gregor has to live a sad live were he is not happy with what he is and what he does for a living. Even in the company he has been able to move up the position ladder at a fast rate, he is not happy. What Gregor looks forward to in the job is the opportunity that “once [he’s] gotten the money together to pay off [his] parents’ debts'; (4) he would quit working at that company for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even if Gregor makes a sacrifice to save his family by paying what they owe, they are not grateful for what he does. As he explains at the beginning they would thank Gregor with warmth for helping the family out. But as time went by “they had just gotten used to it, gotten used to it…the money was received with thanks and given with pleasure, but no special feeling of warmth went with it anymore'; (27). The family no longer saw the sacrifice that he was making, later as they got used to being helped they saw the help he was giving as a duty.

Monologue Boo Radley Perspective Essay

Yesterday was the first day I stepped out into the sunlight, when I look back upon my days watching Jem and scout growing up, one thing that comes into my mind is why I didn’t just step outside and play with them. I think what kept me from going outdoors was the conflict between black and whites at the time , I didn’t want to get caught up in all the drama so I stayed indoors, now looking back I should of just faces the racism, I would of loved to spend days down at the creek swimming with the children or playing football and building snow forts in the winter. You see jem and scout they didn’t have many to play with, well they had dill but only in the summer and Atticus’s job as a lawyer kept him pretty busy. Back when Jem and scout were little I would sneak out at night and place on of my childhood pleasures in the knot hole, nothing was better than watching their faces light up when they found the gifts. I left the children gifts because I wanted them to realise that I wasn’t scary or a monster, I was simply just watching over them as a friend. I think that the children need to know the truth about me and they need to learn how to look past the rumours and see the real person, I want to keep trying because I know that if I put the right thing in the knot hole that they will learn that you can’t judge people until you’ve seen what’s its like from their point of view. I don’t think that anyone knows what its like to me, I don’t stay in this house because I want to, I stay in this house because there ‘s now where else for me to go. Last night I was sitting in my chair and I had this funny feeling that something wasn’t quite right. I went to my window and saw jem and scout at the tree staring to run. Scout was still in her ham costume and couldn’t run. Both children fell down and I saw a shadow looking over them, someone was after my kids, I couldn’t stand around to watch this all go down. I knew that this person had enough anger within to kill both of the kids if he really wanted to. I ran as fast as I could and I grabbed a knife from the kitchen. The whole incident took about 8 seconds but felt like everything was happening in slow motion. I felt like every second not helping the children could be the second that Mr Ewell go to them. All I knew is that I would never forgive myself if either one of these kids lost there life because I was a moment to late. When I ran out to the road , jem was screaming and Mr Ewell was on him. He dropped jem to the ground and ran over to scout and tried to pick her up so he could hurt her too, but that wasn’t going to happen as at that moment I grabbed him and before I knew it I stabbed him-he was dead on the road with a knife stuck into the pit of his stomach but the murder that I had just committed was the last thing on my mind, I picked up jem and carried him to his house when we were in jems room and scout was telling everyone what had happened. Then scout said two words that made everything worth it. She said â€Å"hi boo† these two words meant so much to me as I now knew that jem and scout now know that I am a good person who would always be looking after them because they were now apart of my life. They were my kids. It took me a few years but I finally realised that I couldn’t spend the rest of my life indoors how ever by the time I realised this, jem and scout had all ready moved on from Maycomb county. What really triggered me to realise this was the fact that I didn’t want to miss the next opportunity to meet people like the finches, if only I had the courage back then that I have now maybe then I would have been able to face the racism in maycomb and maybe even been able to give the children my childhood pleasures myself, face to face and above all maybe jem scout and I may still be friends or would of kept in contact over the years. After my dad had died I was eternally grateful as I would no longer be tortured into staying indoors for the rest of my life but I found out later that my brother who was cruel if not crueler than my father will be looking to keep my father’s promise to keep me indoors and away from everyone. He tortured me chaining me to the bed post so there was no way I could escape. With little food and water I could feel myself growing weaker, Nathan my so called brother waited till I was near death and force feed me, starving me near point of death and feed me so I wouldn’t die. Nathan would say to me â€Å"death is too kind for a man like you authur† , feeling miserable, weak, and abandoned every night i would look out my window and prey to the brightest star knowing that someday my mother and I will be together again, hoping, just hoping that someday life would be so kind, kind enough to let me go so I can be with my mother once again.

Persuasive Communication Essay

When trying to persuade the boss it is important to state the facts and make sure to check the validity of these facts that will be presented before it is put forward. Remember to quote your credible sources, as you may be asked about where your data arrived from. Analyze the persuasive effectiveness in terms of its logos, pathos, and ethos, if applicable, on what you are trying to convince your boss on. Use statistics and data that are current and choose reputable publications. Try to avoid logical fallacies. Presenting something that you want the boss to accept and give you the â€Å"wow† effect is important. You must make an effective entrance into a room. Walk tall and enter the room with a purposeful, confident stride. Give a firm handshake and smile. Having a positive attitude is a good way to start off a conversation. You must first find common ground with your boss by sharing a common view of the problem, issue or goal. Confirm with the boss that you are on their side and want this idea to help better the company. When trying to persuade a peer a mixture of facts and feelings may be used because you should have an indication of the person’s personality. This can benefit you to use what you know about how that your peer thinks when trying to persuade this person. Usually, a peer will listen to you much deeper than a person who does not you well. When dealing with a challenging person it is important to use techniques to grab their attention. Challenging people have self-interest and may want to argue an issue. Use those self-interests to break down the facts and use sentiments to make them understand. If you are trying to persuade an open minded person you can explain your side of an issue by inflating the data. Open minded people are willing to listen to all sides of the arguments. Whether you are trying to persuade your boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open minded person, all people think, and have personalities, that differ from you. Knowing who your audience is can be very important when it comes to persuasion.

The Balancing Act Analysis Essay Example

The Balancing Act Analysis Essay Example The Balancing Act Analysis Essay The Balancing Act Analysis Essay Analysis: The Balancing Act In modern-day speeches, rhetorical strategies are often used to impact listeners. In Michael J. Foxs speech about Parkinson Disease, he uses rhetorical strategies to assist In Influencing the Senate Subcommittee to promote a larger budget to help lad In research for this disease from which he suffers, along with many more Americans. Foxs celebrity status substantiated his confrontation with the Senate Subcommittee to support the need for greater federal investment in Parkinson research. As an advocate of Parkinson Disease, Foxs witness was greater, for people of the Senate most likely knew him from his place on the television in the past two decades. This strategy was helpful in asking for a greater budget because of his notable status. The approach on the topic of requesting more funding for Parkinson is taken in a gracious manner by Fox. By praising past efforts of the legislators, he makes immediate contact with his audience. Rather than criticizing them about their insufficient spending, he very graciously elaborates on how the amount donated for research Is not adequate enough In ladling the experimentation for the cure of Parkinson Disease. The overall structure of Foxs speech Is highly tactical In his request for more federal funding. He begins by explaining his personal experience, therefore, he was able to reach out to the audience on a more personal level. Then he explains exactly what the poorly funded disease is and how he manages to live with Parkinson. In doing so, he logically reasons with the Senate and is able to give them a feeling of what it is like to live with the disease. Later in his speech, he shares the important statistics so Parkinson does not appear to be rare and shares with the Senate that The scientific community believes that with a significant Investment in Parkinson research, new discoveries and improved treatment strategies are close at hand. using this scientific support, it helps In his argument. By Including facts about Parkinson, Fox elaborates on the everyday citizens who deal with the dreadful effects of this disease. By Glenn example of known professions such as doctors, teachers, policemen, etc, he reaches out on a more personal note because these are everyday Americans. Fox uses this strategy to find empathy within is audience. He tells how people with Parkinson deal with the symptoms, but urges the support for more spending by using the words, But in the end, we all face the same reality: The medicine stops working. This statement is probably the most effective sentence in his whole address to the Senate. Although many rhetorical devices are used within his speech, the most strategically used is Foxs diction, or choice of words. In the beginning, his words are stern and very attention-demanding, but his tone is still friendly and polite. Throughout the odd of his speech, his use of positive, hopeful words reveals how he feels about his own future and others living wit h Parkinson. Fox ends on a personal note: one that Is meant to complete and support his speech. He gives his even more personal explanation. By describing how he will Nett Trot Dreadnoughts AT Parklands research, Walt ten Nell AT a larger Cottage, he paints an image of how he will be able to do more if his disease is better controlled, such as dancing at his childrens weddings something every parent would love to be able to do. In one of his final sentences, he connects with his audience directly again. By saying With your help.. He makes the final connection with the Senate members making it clear that, with their approval of an increased budget, he will be able to achieve these goals. By using rhetorical devices, any speaker has the ability to connect with an audience and make a clear argument. In Foxs speech to the Senate Subcommittee, his use of rhetorical strategies was very important in his request for an increased budget for Parkinson Disease research. Without the use of them, his encount er with the Senate would not be as significant.

An Email Approach To Build Your Brand With AdKaddys Cameron Cegala

An Email Approach To Build Your Brand With AdKaddys Cameron Cegala Is your email inbox out of control? Are you always clicking delete, spam, or unsubscribe? Brands and marketers need to minimize makeshift marketing to improve open rates, engagement, and relationships with subscribers and customers.   Today’s guest is Cameron Cegala, co-founder and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of AdKaddy. Cameron describes how AdKaddy, a startup experiencing significant growth on a small budget, stays organized. Some of the highlights of the show include: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Entrepreneurship: Hyper-focused to multi-functions AdKaddy: Addresses interruption caused by abundant advertising Why not unsubscribe? Fear of missing out (FOMO) and love for brands Control communication process by conveniently receiving messages  Ã‚   Content vs. Context: Shoppers want coupons, others want brand’s backstory AdKaddy: Organizes everything by brand and automatically sorts related emails State of Mind: Discovery process of feeding people ads is interruptive Email Marketing: Broken model and better ways to communicate with customers Connecting Consumers and Brands: Sweepstakes, earned media, Facebook ads Getting Started on a Small Budget: Be thoughtful about where to put dollars Google Drive, Trello, Slack: Leverage tools and strengths to stay on task   Advice for Entrepreneurs: Be comfortable feeling out of your league; and learn from others Links: AdKaddy AMP 141: A Marketing Rebellion: Why The Most Human Company Wins With Mark Schaefer Author of Marketing Rebellion   Google Drive Trello Slack Write a review on iTunes, and send a screenshot of it to receive cool swag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Cameron Cegala: â€Å"I have this really big passion for brands and for consumers and how they connect.† â€Å"AdKaddy was born out of this really simple frustration of the overabundance of marketing emailsconsumers receive on a daily basis.† â€Å"We want to receive these communications in a way that’s convenient to us; a way that we can control the process.† â€Å"The personal inbox is absolutely the most valuable real estate that a marketer has.†

How to Parlay Your Consumer Magazine Experience into Trade Magazine Success

How to Parlay Your Consumer Magazine Experience into Trade Magazine Success I often find, at parties and at networking events, that even fellow journalists are rarely intrigued The truth, however, is that some of the best work I’ve done is for trade publications. Some of the coolest reporting stories I have to share have been made possible because these publications had the funds to send me to strange places to cover even stranger topics. The topics and the trade publications may not seem sexy, but the fatter paycheck, the friendly editors, and the challenge of discovering new and exciting fields certainly make them worth the effort of querying. If you haven’t had much luck with trade magazines so far, here are five quick ways you can parlay your consumer magazine or newspaper experience for the trades: 1. Take a consumer magazine or newspaper article you’ve written and identify the major trades in that story. For instance, I once wrote a piece for a national women’s magazine about women-only trains in India. I didn’t ever think it could be a trade story, so I was really surprised when an editor at â€Å"Trains† magazine paid me to reprint the story. If you look closely, you’ll find at least one major identifiable trade in every story that you write. Find a magazine that caters to that trade. Pitch it. 2. Most trade magazines are not dull, dry, and dreary, like the writing gurus would have you believe. Many of them feature articles that are written with just as much craft and care as those in consumer publications. I have won an award for a story I wrote for a trade that resonated with the judges because of its human aspect. Look through national and regional magazines and find ideas that could potentially work for trade magazines.   I often find new and breaking stories in the New York Times or the Wall Street Journal that other freelancers haven’t thought to pitch to trade magazine editors. 3. Tie your ideas to current events. When the Commonwealth Games came to Delhi in 2010, most freelancers I knew were (unsuccessfully) pitching to major newspapers and magazines. I, instead offered stories to a construction magazine and an engineering news magazine and earned several thousand dollars and a cover story. 4. When you travel, don’t forget to target these magazines. The trades have several US-based writers they can hire regularly but their networks are limited abroad. If you’re traveling out of the country, e-mail some of the trade magazine editors (even if you don’t know them) and offer to bring back something. The best-case scenario is that editors might just hand you assignments of their own even before you’ve left and the worst case is that you may come back with some fascinating ideas and an already established relationship with an editor. 5. Everything is a trade. Think about the truth of that statement for a minute. No matter what you’re writing about, you can find a trade magazine angle to it. And once you start noticing that potential, you’ll never run out of markets for your work.

2 Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 Questions - Essay Example suspicion or â€Å"hunches†, they must have an authorized and documented permission and evidence to base their actions on (Samaha, 2011). If violated, this is the violation of the constitutional rights of the individual, and, hence, a criminal activity. Q2: The statement "judge-made law leaves plenty of play in the joints for criminal justice professionals to exercise discretionary decision making" can be understood if it is broken down into several parts and analyzed (Samaha, 2011). Firstly, it should be understood that not all laws are drafted in the constitution; some are made at the state or county levels by the local judges (Samaha, 2011). These laws are defined for the day-to-day working of the police officers during their duty out in the field (Samaha, 2011). Most of these are related to the criminal procedures, and since they are not very circumventive or clearly defined, these laws leave much to the discretion of the police officers to decide on the spot as to the best approach and nature of action (Samaha, 2011). Hence, it is known as discretionary decision making or informal decision making (Samaha, 2011). It is very flexible and the officers have a lot of room to operate, hence the phrase â€Å"play in the joints† (Samaha, 2011). The real danger in this regard is transgression of individual constitutional rights of the suspects that these officers might be investigating or interrogating. They have to make sure that they are not violating any laws themselves and have to act in strict accordance with the defined and determined laws and modes of

Supply Chain Management (Vimto) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Management (Vimto) - Case Study Example We will use the three-month moving averages method because only these months will be considered to give a more accurate figure. Also, this method is very useful for businesses that are in rapidly changing industry, which VIMTO is part of (Winston, 2010). The calculation is as follows: 2. If the company has a policy to always keep 15,000 stock on hand at all times, and the stock on hand at the end of June was 10,000, then subtracting the end of June figure from the desired end of July figure will give us the correct answer. In this case, the difference is 5,000. This 5,000 can be added to 30,333 and we can get the production figure of 35,333. VIMTO should plan to produce 35,333 products during the month of July so that it has enough to meet its minimum stock requirements. 3. Demand for VIMTO may increase if a special event such as Ramadan was held during the month of July. There would be no way to forecast using that same year’s data because the demand would be smaller during the previous months. The only way to predict it is if there was data from the same time the previous year and then that data could be used to make the

Mortgage Market in the United States Case Study

Mortgage Market in the United States - Case Study Example However, the low interest rates offered by mortgage lenders as well as the requirement to service the mortgage debts of the home owners in relation to their higher take home pay will not bring back the sad economic scenario in the 1990s era. Also the high value attached to the homes has triggered the money lenders to enter into the home mortgage and the chattel mortgage economic market. Currently, the fixed costs that goes with maintaining a home is no longer as expensive as the mortgage homes of the early part of the 1990s(2003;p.5). Despite the unfortunate beginnings in the latter part of 2002 and until 2003, many people contributed to the economy by continuing their spending spree at moderate speed. This was one of the major factors that prevented the increase in severity of the economic downturn. Thus, government monetary policy theory states that the state must intervene in order to create a competitive economic environment (Roberts,2000;pp 77). In addition, Marshall theorized that people have the normal attitude of preferring to spend instead of saving their money in His Principles of Economics book as " Everyone is aware that the accumulation of wealth is held in check, and the rate of interest so far sustained, by the preference which the great mass of humanity have for the present over deferred gratifications, or, in other words, by their unwillingness to 'wait'"(Keynes, 1936; pp.242) The supply and demand theory states that as the mortgage interest increases, the number of borrower demands will decrease. And, the supply theory states that as the mortgage interest rate increases, the number of mortgage lenders will increase(Graziano, 1987;p129-145). Both theories state meet when the mortgage lenders lower their interest rates in order to attract more borrowers. For, the best mortgage interest rate that will make both the mortgagor borrower and the mortgagee lender happily meet in the middle is the equilibrium rate. In terms of mortgagor purchasing power, the timely increases in the take home pay off household owners as well as the gains in disposable personal income starting June of 2003 countered the ill effects of the consumer's spending spree. As proof, the share of personal consumption on Gross Domestic Products had reached a whopping seventy percent in the year 2004. For clarity, consumer spending is arrived at taking into consideration the increase in real permanent income, fluctuations in market prices and demographic factors(Su, 2005;p10). MORTGAGE RATE GRAPH Under the theory known as Markowitz economic model, the investors, including the mortgage lender, want to maximize expected return from their investments and minimize variances. For variance is synonymous with risk(Culp, 2001;pp.48-113). Thus, the lenders charge higher interest rates for more risky mortgage borrowers. The above graph shows that there are fluctuations in the mortgage interest rates from the period Aug 2, 2007 to Sept 27 2007. The graph shows that the Thirty -year mortgage rates had declined starting in the middle of July. Then decline trendily continued to decline until

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States Research Paper

China's Economic Relationship with the Unites States - Research Paper Example As a matter of fact, it would not be an exaggeration in stating that there is hardly any developing economy that has displayed substantial growth without the assistance of an advanced country. The technological and commercial strength of a rich economy is more or less imperative for a developing country in realization of its full potential. In the contemporary global economic landscape, China is the leader amongst all developing countries in terms of registering the fastest growth rate. That the country (China) has established economic ties with various developed economies in no way takes away the credit from the committed endeavors of the Chinese Government. The government of China has been initiating many measures, some of which may not be pleasing to the country’s denizens. Nonetheless, these initiatives can be considered to be indispensable for the long-term prosperity of the country. This could be conveniently compared with an analogy that a bitter medicine, despite its repulsive taste, is imperative for the recovery of an ailing person. In fact, it is this very courage of the government in taking bold and concrete steps that is lacking in most of the other developing economies. In these regions there are numerous social, economic and cultural factors that have turned out to be serious impediments in growth -related pursuits. But as discussed earlier, the Chinese Government gives more importance to the overall growth and prosperity of the country, rather than concentrating on populist schemes that just please the citizens. That most of these measures jeopardize the long-term economic interests of the country warrants no special mention. The committed endeavors of the government, coupled with strategic alliances with prosperous economies have ensured that China now holds the number one position in all developing regions of the globe. The history of the relations between both the countries is rather complex, as it

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research - Essay Example The question has been studied by people such as Carl Rogers, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. These men put together theoretical models that were intended to demonstrate how our personalities might develop within the often conflicting and always interacting elements of our internal and external structure. Among these models, though, Carl Jung developed a relatively uncomplicated approach on which many of the personality theories today have been based. Originally building his research off of the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who was his mentor for a while, Jung proposed that the personality was comprised of the interaction among four essential factors that related to the way in which a person gathers information and then how that person processes the information gathered. â€Å"Carl Jungs psychological theory fundamentally underpins most of the popular and highly regarded personality systems today† (Chapman, 2010), but it has not gone untouched. Following in his footsteps as well as they could, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed his ideas further to create a strong personality test that types people into one of 16 possible personalities (Carroll, 2009). The test found at 41 Questions did not provide the kind of four letter results I expected after doing research on personality theory and personality testing, but I was surprised at the accuracy of the results. What Jung discovered in his research was that people basically have two functions in their lives. First, they have to take in information from around them through their five senses – hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. Next, they have to make decisions about these things and what they mean. After he identified these functions, Jung then determined that there are two ways in which we might approach each of these functions. While taking in information, we rely to varying degrees on

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Art - Essay Example He was also heavily influenced by the Post-Impressionists Gauguin and Van Gogh. Picasso was a Spanish artist known as the founder of Cubism. Unlike Matisse, Picasso’s paintings of women are grotesquely distorted. He portrays the woman with darkness and vulgarity. In the early years of the twentieth century, Picasso embarked on a series of paintings using blue palette and melancholy themes. After his Blue Period, came his Rose Period which emphasized a warmer palette and more cheerful themes. Picasso’s works were influenced by Matisse’s works especially with his still life paintings. However, Picasso focused more on form and innovation while Matisse focused more on color and was less abstract. Picasso uses form with symmetry at different angels, geometrics and inspiration from household tools. On the other hand, Matisse always preferred bright colors even in his landscapes. His colors changes from light to dark but its mixtures make it even more creative. Matisse does not have much attention to detail but he adheres to reality unlike Picasso who would usually distort the images of his subjects. The art works of both artists were influenced by each other, more so when they developed a friendly rivalry. One of the more famous works of Picasso is the â€Å"Les Demoiselles d’Avignon† which is an example of his neo-cubism, modernism, and impressionism. This painting shows women who are immensely distorted. Geometric shapes are used instead of curves to portray the bodies of the women. The painting uses dark colors such as brown, black and blue which makes the theme gloomy. Matisse’s â€Å"Joy of Life† on the other hand depicts women more naturally by showing the right curves and proportions. The mood of Matisse’s painting is livelier because of the colors that he used specifically, red, green and yellow. Although both paintings show a group of women, one can clearly see the difference in how they are portrayed b y both artists. Matisse’s â€Å"Joy of Life†, 1905-1906 vs. Picasso’s â€Å"Les Demoiselles d’Avignon†, 1907 Picasso’s â€Å"Vase, bowl & lemon†, 1907 vs. Matisse’s â€Å"Blue Pot and Lemon† , 1897 The paintings above are examples of still life paintings of Picasso and Matisse. Unlike other Matisse’s paintings, the colors are quite dull. In contrast, Picasso’s emphasizes the shapes of the objects by using black outlines on the figures. His colors are darker as compared to those of Matisse’s. In Matisse’s painting, the objects seem to blend with its background because of its complimentary colors while in Picasso’s painting, the dark blue and gray background shows a sharp contrast between the colors of the lemon and the vase. Picasso’s â€Å"Acrobat† 1930 vs. Matisse’s â€Å"Acrobats† 1952 The above paintings of both Picasso and Matisse show clearly how they in fluenced each other. The paintings show the different interpretations of the two artists on one subject. Again, we can see Matisse’s love for colors by painting the human body blue in a beige background. On the other hand, Picasso simply used black and white. The two paintings though, both show a distortion of the human body. Works Cited Carver, Reg. Matisse or Picasso. 11 February 2011. Web. 3 May 2011. http://www.findmyowncurrent.com/2011/02/11/matisse-or-picasso/ Edward and Betty Marcus Foundation. Matisse & Picasso. 2001. Web. 3 May 2011

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research - Essay Example The question has been studied by people such as Carl Rogers, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. These men put together theoretical models that were intended to demonstrate how our personalities might develop within the often conflicting and always interacting elements of our internal and external structure. Among these models, though, Carl Jung developed a relatively uncomplicated approach on which many of the personality theories today have been based. Originally building his research off of the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who was his mentor for a while, Jung proposed that the personality was comprised of the interaction among four essential factors that related to the way in which a person gathers information and then how that person processes the information gathered. â€Å"Carl Jungs psychological theory fundamentally underpins most of the popular and highly regarded personality systems today† (Chapman, 2010), but it has not gone untouched. Following in his footsteps as well as they could, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed his ideas further to create a strong personality test that types people into one of 16 possible personalities (Carroll, 2009). The test found at 41 Questions did not provide the kind of four letter results I expected after doing research on personality theory and personality testing, but I was surprised at the accuracy of the results. What Jung discovered in his research was that people basically have two functions in their lives. First, they have to take in information from around them through their five senses – hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. Next, they have to make decisions about these things and what they mean. After he identified these functions, Jung then determined that there are two ways in which we might approach each of these functions. While taking in information, we rely to varying degrees on

American and Finnish Work Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American and Finnish Work Teams - Essay Example Working together calls for the team members to understand their role and cultivate trustworthiness for the benefit of the group. There are emotional difficulties, which helps the team members to build trust and work closely with both American and Finnish teams. Teamwork is demonstrated by hard work and effort put by each in the team to ensure that they achieve the team's goal. A divided team cannot meet their target in this competing world where everyone struggles to produce the quality product to remain relevant. Whether the work teams involves employees in corporations, students in learning institutions or members of clubs and societies teamwork must be a very important thing for success. The differences include the Finland teams have a very positive attitude towards what they do and participate in especially Sauna. It is interesting to find even small apartment fixed with little Saunas demonstrating their importance in the Finish culture and was not for business purposes. American teams engage in matters relating to business including the football teams, whose players are heavily rewarded unlike Sauna, which is meant for the very scenario. American work teams focus on the individualism especially in situations where individual members in football teams are praised. Losing teams in America are normally forgotten I they do nothing to improve performance and other lose their members. Recognition is common for team members of the winning teams and become famous for their work even in big corporations.

Experiment to investigate what affects the size of a crater Essay Example for Free

Experiment to investigate what affects the size of a crater Essay Hypothesis: If the height of which the pendulum ball is dropped increases, then the depth of the crater will increase. There is a theory for this. A higher drop would mean that there is a greater gravitational potential energy. When the ball is dropped, all this energy is converted into kinetic energy and it is used up to create a crater in the ground. Variables: 1. Independent: Height at which the pendulum ball is dropped from A one meter ruler is used to measure the height at which the pendulum ball is dropped from the surface of the sand. Each height is recorded down and tabulated together with the results. 1. Dependent: Depth of the crater A vernier caliper is used to measure the depth of the crater. Push out the bottom until it touches the center of the bottom of the crater. Adjust it until the edges of the caliper touches the surface of the sand. Read the measurement and record it down. Results are tabulated. 1. Controlled: Height of the sand, Volume of the sand, diameter of the pendulum ball Height of sand is measured with the same ruler used in the experiment and marked out with a marker. The volume of same is measured by pouring it into a beaker and then weighed on an electronic weighing balance for further accuracy. The diameter of the pendulum ball was measured before the start of the experiment and noted down. Apparatus: 1. Pendulum Ball x 1 2. 1m Ruler x 1 3. Plastic box x 1 4. Sand 5. 500ml Beaker x 1 6. Vernier Caliper x 1 7. Retort stand 8. Whiteboard Marker 9. Tissue Method: 1. Lay out newspaper on the bench/work area 2. Measure out 250cm3 of sand using the beaker 3. Pour the sand into the plastic container 4. Smoothen the sand with a tissue so that it is leveled 5. Measure the height of the sand and mark it out with the marker on the container 6. Set up the rest of the experiment as drawn on the previous page. 7. Hold the pendulum ball at a height of 10cm with the bottom of it on the 10cm mark 8. Drop the pendulum ball onto the sand 9. Remove the pendulum ball carefully so as not to destroy the crater made in the sand 10. Using a vernier caliper, measure the depth of the crater 11. Record the reading down 12. Repeat steps 4-10 for heights of 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm and 100cm 13. Repeat the whole experiment once Results: Height/cm Depth/cm 1st 2nd Average Evaluation Reliability of method: From the table of results, it can be observed that some results in the first set of data differ greatly from the second set. This shows that the current method is not extremely reliable and changes can be made to improve the experiment. An improvement to the method would be to always measure the volume of the sand used and smooth it down to the marked level on the side of the container. Sand that is not compacted may have a different result from compacted sand. This is because between the particles of non-compacted sand, there will be spaces of air. As the pendulum ball hits the surface of the sand, the kinetic energy will disperse into these spaces. Therefore, a smaller crater would be formed because the pendulum ball has less energy. Validity of method: The method is valid because it measures what is required to be measured in the experiment. The method described above was also followed step-by-step. The volume of the sand and height of the sand is unchanged. The pendulum ball remained unchanged throughout the course of the experiment as well. The vernier caliper measures the depth of the crater in centimeters and it is what the experiment is conducted for. Reliability of results: There are a total of 20 sets of data. The number of data collected makes the results reliable. Also, the average of the data from both sets of experiments were able to form a straight line graph with an outlier for 100. 0cm at 1. 77cm. Therefore, the results of this experiment is somewhat reliable. Analysis The graph is a straight line with increasing gradient. It shows that with an increase in height, the average depth of the crater also increases. The line graph does not pass through the origin (0,0) because the graph paper is too small to accommodate 10 sets of results (average of both sets of data). Conclusion The results of the experiment support the hypothesis. When the height at which the pendulum ball increases, the depth of the crater also increases. This is proven by the fact that the greater the distance between the ball and the ground, the greater the gravitational potential energy that the ball possesses. More gravitational potential energy is converted to more kinetic energy when the ball is dropped. As such, there is more energy to cause a greater damage to the ground, or in this case, sand, therefore resulting in an increase of depth of the crater. Limitations and Improvements Limitations Improvements Pendulum ball does not drop straight down directly from where it is released but deviates from its desired path Drop the pendulum ball using a retort stand instead of by hand Removing the pendulum ball by hand Thread a string through the hole in the pendulum ball and lift it out of the sand using that.

The History Of Computers :: essays research papers

The History of Computers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you try you can get away from them you can't. It is inevitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old. It is about 2000 years old .1 The first computer was the abacus. This invention was constructed of wood, two wires, and beads. It was a wooden rack with the two wires strung across it horizontally and the beads were strung across the wires. This was used for normal arithmetic uses. These type of computers are considered analog computers. Another analog computer was the circular slide rule. This was invented in 1621 by William Oughtred who was an English mathematician. This slid ruler was a mechanical device made of two rules, one sliding inside the other, and marked with many number scales. This slide ruler could do such calculations as division, multiplication, roots, and logarithms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after came some more advanced computers. In 1642 came Blaise Pascal's computer, the Pascaline. It was considered to be the first automatic calculator. It consisted of gears and interlocking cogs. It was so that you entered the numbers with dials. It was originally made for his father, a tax collector.2 Then he went on to build 50 more of these Pascaline's, but clerks would not uses them.3 They did this in fear that they would loose their jobs.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after there were many similar inventions. There was the Leibniz wheel that was invented by Gottfried Leibniz. It got its name because of the way it was designed with a cylinder with stepped teeth. 5 This did the same functions of the other computers of its time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computers, such as the Leibniz wheel and the Pascaline, were not used widely until the invention made by Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A Charles Xavier Thomas).6 It was the first successful mechanical calculator that could do all the normal arithmetic functions. This type of calculator was improved by many

The Unconventional Kate Chopin Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Unconventional Kate Chopin Kate Chopin, a female author in the Victorian Era, wrote a large number of short stories and poems. She is most famous for her controversial novel The Awakening in which the main character struggles between society's obligations and her own desires. At the time The Awakening was published, Chopin had written more than one hundred short stories, many of which had appeared in magazines such as Vogue. She was something of a literary â€Å"lioness" in St. Louis and had numerous intellectual admirers. Within weeks after publication of The Awakening, this social landscape that had appeared so serenely comfortable became anything but serene and anything but comfortable. Of all things, death led Kate Chopin to write. The death of her brother, her beloved grandmother, her husband, and lastly, her mother left her with an overwhelming sadness and six children to raise, prompting her move to write. With such earnest promptings, Chopin took up writing at age thirty-eight. The publication of the love poem "If It Might Be" in January 1889 marked Chopin's first appearance in print. Many of Kate Chopin’s writings wave a backward glance to her childhood. Kate's grandmother, Madame Charleville, spent much time telling Kate stories that stirred her interest about people's lives, minds, and morals. Madame Charleville's favorite saying was, "One may know a great deal about people without judging them. God does that" (Oscar 17). Young Kate must have paid a great deal of attention. Three decades later, when she came to do her own storytelling, she would continue to leave judgment entirely to God. Kate Chopin’s first novel, At Fault, also refers to sentimen... ...m Blake, Chopin was interested in innocence and experience, and both of these themes run within The Awakening. It was this book, though after her death, that made her loved. Kate Chopin died in August of 1904 of a cerebral hemorrhage. She was an incredibly talented writer. She wrote about real issues and real feelings. Light and shadow play in her fiction. Moods come and go, representing the diverse events Chopin experienced. Unfortunately, like many other authors, Kate Chopin was never recognized for these incredible talents until it was far too late. Work Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Views On Kate Chopin. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 125-133. Oscar, Steven. Kate Chopin: A Re-Awakening. New York: Rosen Publishers, 1992. 17-24. Thornton, Lawrence. "Kate Chopin." The Scribner Writers Series.CD-ROM, 2001: 1-9

Product Life Cycle Essay

Definition: Products come and go. A company’s challenge is to hold on to its customers longer than it holds on to its products. It needs to watch the market life cycle and the customer life cycle more than the product life cycle. Someone at Ford realized this: â€Å"If we’re not customer driven, our cars won’t be either.† One selects marketing tools that are appropriate to the stage of the product’s life cycle. For example, advertising and publicity will produce the biggest payoff in the introduction stage of a product; their job is to build consumer awareness and interest. Sales promotions and personal selling grow more important during a product’s maturity stage. Personal selling can strengthen customers’ comprehension of your product’s advantages and their conviction that the offering is worthwhile. Product Development and Life-Cycle Strategies: In the face of changing customer needs, technologies and competition, product innovation or the development of new products has become vital to a company’s survival. Introducing new products, however, is not sufficient. The firm must also know how to manage the new product as it goes through its life cycle: that is, from its birth, through growth and maturity, to eventual demise as newer products come along that better serve consumer needs. This product life cycle presents two principal challenges. First, because all products eventually decline, the firm must find new products to replace ageing ones (the problem of new-product development). Second, the firm must understand how its products age and adapt its marketing strategies as products pass through life-cycle stages (the problem of product life-cycle, strategies’). We therefore look initially at the problem of finding and developing new products, and then at the challenge of managing them successfully over their life cycles. Innovation and New-Product Development: Given the rapid changes in taste, technology and competition, a company cannot rely solely on its existing products to sustain growth or to maintain  profitability. The firm can hope to maintain market and profit performance only by continuous product innovation. Product innovation encompasses a variety of product development activities – product improvement, development of entirely new ones, and extensions that increase the range or number of lines of product the firm can offer. Product innovations are not to be confused with inventions. The latter are a new technology or product which may or may not deliver benefits to customers. An innovation is defined as an idea, product or piece of technology that has been developed and marketed to customers ‘who perceive it as novel or new. We may call it a process of identifying, creating and delivering new-product values or benefits that were not offered before in the marketplace. In this chapter we look specifically at new products as opposed to value creation through marketing actions (such as product/brand repositioning, segmentation of current markets). We also need to distinguish between obtaining new products through acquisition – by buying a whole company, a patent or a licence to produce someone else’s product – and through new-product development in the company’s own research and development department. As the costs of developing and introducing major new products have climbed, many large companies have decided to acquire existing brands rather than to create new ones. Other firms have saved money by copying competitors’ brands or by reviving old brands. These routes can contribute to a firm’s growth and have both advantages and limitations. In this chapter, we are mainly concerned with how businesses create and market new products. By new products we mean original products, product improvements, pnxhict modifications and new brands that the firm develops through its own research and development efforts. Risks and Returns Jri Innovation Innovation can be very risky for a number of reasons: 1. New-product development is an expensive affair – it cost Tate & Lyle around  £150 million to develop a new sugar substitute; pharmaceutical firms spend an average of . £100-50 million to develop a new drug; while developing a super-jumbo project could cost billions. 2. New-product development takes time. Although companies can dramatically shorten their development time, in many industries, such as  Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, aerospace and food, new-product development cycles can be as long as 10-15 years. The uncertainty and unpredictability of market environments further raise the risks of commercialization. Roots had to withdraw Manoplex, a heart drug, less than a year after its launch in the United Kingdom, after a trial on 3,000 patients in the United States and Scandinavia suggested an adverse effect on patient survival. The pharmaeeudeals division lost about  £200 million on the drug, which cost nearly  £100 million to develop over a period of 12 years, and about S20 million was spent on promoting and marketing it. 3. Unexpected delays in development are also a problem. History is littered with grand pioneering engineering projects which have failed to satisfy the original expectations of bankers, investors and politicians. The Seikan rail tunnel, connecting the island of Hokkaido to mainland Japan, was completed 14 years late and billions of pounds over budget; the S10 billion cost of the Channel tunnel, which opened on 6 May ] 994, a year later than originally planned, is more than double the  £4,8 billion forecast in 1987. 4. The new-product success record is not encouraging either. New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One recent study estimated that new consumer packaged goods (consisting mostly of line extensions) fail at a rate of 80 per cent. The same high failure rate appears to afflict new financial products and services, such as credit cards, insurance plans and brokerage services. Another study found that about 33 per cent of new industrial products fail at launch. Despite the risks, firms that learn to innovate well become less vulnerable to attacks by new entrants which discover new ways of delivering added values, benefits and solutions to customers’ problems.

Collective Consensus Theory Essay

Social norms can be defined as – The rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit. Failure to stick to the rules can result in severe punishments, the most feared of which is exclusion from the group. A common rule is that the some norms must frequently be displayed; neutrality is seldom an option. Here I include other norms, which are as follows: a. ) Injunctive Norms – These are behaviors, which are perceived as being approved of by other people. b. ) Descriptive Norms – The perceptions of how other people are actually behaving and whether their behavior is accepted or not. c. ) Explicit Norms – written or spoken openly. d. ) Implicit Norms – not openly stated (but you find out when you trespass them). e. ) Subjective Norms – How we will behave with others who valued us. f. ) Personal Norms – Knowing our standards about our own actions. By exploring social norms and inequalities, let me be more specific, about the Americans – Inequalities in American society have become so institutionalized that we rarely recognize most of them on a daily basis. Some are glaringly obvious: the privileges of the elite, the boss’ ability to come and go as he pleases- but these inequalities are sustaining, obvious, and don’t hurt as much because we are conditioned to accept them†¦ Some inequalities change as certain circumstances change. The type of social stratification I wish to discuss is ever changing, we’ve all experienced it, but have we all noticed it? We like to think we live in a classless, multicultural society where everyone is treated equally. Frankly we are deluded. Of course there are classes, and not everyone is treated equally. The classes in our world are based on race, ethnicity, education and politics. Of the phenomenons of social stratification is social inequality, which is the distribution of resources dividing society into rank, grades, family, religion and education. These divisions should not occur in our society, but it is the sad truth that it does. Ethnicity is different to race as ethnicity is a distinct cultural definition which people identify with as customs, family patterns and religion. The sociologist, Max Weber, defines ethnic groups as â€Å"human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of physical type or of customs or of both or because of memories of colonialisation or migration†. The biggest problem that arises in race and ethnic relations is prejudice, which is born out of pre-judgment and lack of knowledge. The Sociological causes of prejudice are: 1. It draws together people who share it; superiority is important. This is an element of Emile Durkheim’s Collective Consensus Theory. 2. Competing for resources. It is easier to get things if you can write others off as less deserving. 3. We can project onto others, who we think are lesser than us, those parts of ourselves that we don’t like. The prejudices against those we think are ‘different’ have negative consequences such as limiting our vision of the world. But far worse is its effect on society; it leads to discrimination and the consequence of discrimination is inequality. For Karl Marx, inequality was seen as a dichotomy based on the relations of production and the concept of class is the basic indicator of inequality. Weber saw inequality as three abstracted mechanisms of power; class (economic power), status (social prestige power) and party (political power). Whichever way it is described, inequality is found everywhere, between class, in education, health, occupations and power and within classes with sex, age, ethnicity and religion. However, there is hope in the end, for people can be socially mobile, which is the movement of people between social classes. Society’s idea is that if you work hard enough you will move up in society, but this is not always true. People can move downwards in the social scale, or may start on the bottom and stay there because they do not have the same access to education as others may have. These people have less opportunities than others yet they are looked down upon because they are not upwardly mobile. How can people move up socially if they are not on an equal playing field to begin with? As long as people continue acting the way they do, inequality and racism will exist. Education is the key, and while older people may be set in their ways and may not be willing to change their views, we must educate the children, who are are future. Children must be taught that all people are equal and that thinking otherwise is wrong. For it is wrong. We were all created equal. Man made us not so. As per my view, when we live in a society were abiding by social, personal, or subjective norms, which are laid out for social and societal living is of utmost significance; I tend to stick to those norms and also inculcate the same things to people who are not aware of them. Man is a social animal, who needs to be trained to adapt different changes in societal environment. He has to abide by the norms laid out by the society to be accepted socially and morally, or else he/she is treated as a aborigine or uncivilized.

Project Management Sample Assignment Essay

The Association for Project Management (APM) suggests that the project business case provides justification for undertaking a project by evaluating benefit, cost and alternative options. The main purpose is to obtain approval and commitment for investment in the project (Association for Project Management 2006, p.129 and MGT8022, USQ 2013). According to Project Management Institute (PMBOK, PMI 2013), the business case describes information from a business standpoint to determine whether or not the project is worth of investment. It is used as a decision making tool by senior leadership. Based on the above, US Toys business case (attached as Appendix I) is being examined with a review of process and process control, project management literature and project management framework. According to Turner (2009), performance improvement can come from sources like operational efficiency, organization effectiveness or higher order strategic issues due to changes in technology or overall busine ss strategy. New capabilities will not solve the problems blocking performance improvement directly but rather it is necessary to achieve intermediate benefits before realizing the main benefit. It is evident from the business case that US Toys has purchased a software solution called Demand Chain Management whose full benefit will be show-caused by integrating it with its legacy warehouse management system. During initial planning phases, appropriate team members or groups should be involved so that they contribute and create auxiliary ideas (Young 2006). Key components of business case like project purpose, objectives and success criteria were established, US Toys business case misses on holistic identification of stakeholders and other critical components. Business case is a recommendation to take a particular course of action supported by benefits, costs and risks analysis (Journal reference). Critical elements of a business case applied to the case scenario are summarized in the following table  DefinitionDiscussionUS Toys Business caseA business case should be a recommendationRecommendation should have finely balanced options providing purpose and direction.Business case lists two cost impact options with a nothing option to continue current processes. However, it does not list supporting analysis on why option 3 is recommended. Providing supporting analysis of benefits with the option will influence business decision.For the organisationA business case is worth for significant projects in organisationBusiness case pertains to increased  operational efficiency and hence it is a significant project for the organisation.Supported by analysis of benefitsBusiness case requires exegesis of strategic rationale as well as more detailed, systematic analysis of benefitsUS Toys business case lists options but lacks systematic analysis and strategic rationale.CostsCost estimation is the difficult aspect in a business case but without it, the case cannot be madeCost estimates provided in the business case appear to be high level. It would be good if Return on Investment (ROI) and break even duration are provided as an additional supporting analysis.RisksProjects involve risks and understanding and taking ownership of risk is an essential part of a business caseUpon evaluation, US Toys business does not have risk manag ement process or risk scoring methodology. (Adapted from Gambler 2009, Making the business case Table 1.1 on page 2). Upon review of US Toys business case, it is evident that the enhancements to the existing Warehouse Management System are undertaken for achieving operational efficiency and technology as depicted in below figure. Figure Achieving performance improvement (Adapted from Turner, 2009, Chapter 2 figure 2.2) The targeted benefits lists operational efficiency and leveraging new technology in the form of interfaces to purchased package solution. From the above figure, it is evident that performance is directly proportional to the time involved. The higher the targeted performance the more time required. However, US Toys Business case has not included duration of the project. One of the key definition of project is a project will have definite start and end time in other words a fixed duration during which resources, tools and organizational efficiencies are logically grouped to achieve an agreed upon outcomes. The business case provides a consolidated and summary-level overview of the proje ct. It should address objectives, critical success factors, and communication plan and measurement framework to measure the work being undertaken. It will form the baseline from which the project planning can proceed (MGT8022, USQ 2013) The more formal business case contains more quantitative information for decision making purposes. Applying these principles to US Toys Business case, it is evident that it does not include detailed quantitative information. Though SOWT/TOWS analysis has been included in the Appendix, it does not cross reference to the main objectives of the purpose. While presenting the business case to  the stakeholders, it is imperative to talk about key strengths of the organization and how they can be leveraged to overcome the weaknesses or to exploit opportunities for the benefit of the organization. In addition to this, benefit analysis is shown for the option being recommended. This gives an impression of being forced to take that option instead of recommendation. By including benefit analysis for the option 2 outright purchase of a pre-packaged application, business case would have provided a comparison for the stakeholders in taking an informed decision. Upon review of US Toys business case, it is evident that risk assessment involves continuous monitoring and assessment ongoing basis. It would be beneficial to use spiral model for the proposed solution. By clarifying on the future risks unknown at the point will be known in the course of time during project execution. This provides a framework to manage risks. Figure (Adapted from Turner, 2009 The Spiral Model Chapter 11, figure 11.3) As depicted in the above figure, by advising an appropriate model like spiral model, will provide a framework of project management methodology being followed for the proposed project. This will clarify to the decision makers that process of risk assessment is continuous and does not end with those listed in the business case. As the project progresses, a mechanism is in place to identify risks and appropriate risk response planning is incorporated. According to Turner (2009), projects has three levels of planning the integrative level, the strategic level and tactical level. The business case would have presented with greater value by defining the objectives at the above three levels like efficiency improvement as strategic level, achieving integration of Warehouse Management System with the recently procured Demand Chain Management system as integration level and reduced cycle times in supply chain as tacti cal level. The summarized objectives as listed in the following table will be value-add to the business case. LevelObjective of the proposed projectStrategicWarehouse operational efficiency improvementTacticalReduced cycle times in replenishment of stock at stores country-wideIntegrativeSynergy by integrating with Demand Chain Management system Based on the above analysis, it is recommended for all future projects, US Toys project management team should employ a systematic project management processes in addressing their deficiencies particularly financials and controls analysis in the formation of business case. The  successful project deliverables are dependable upon system thinking approach involving people, structures and application of processes. It is also recommended that to provide an assessment of the Project/Stakeholder relationships to have a better understanding of relationships.  References Archibald, R 1992, Managing high technology programs and projects, 2nd edn, John Wiley, New York, USA. Gambles, I 2009, Making the business case proposals that succeed for projects that wo rk, Ashgate, Farnham, UK, pp. 1-20. Gardiner, PD 2005, Project Management A Strategic Planning Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, New York MGT8022 Project-based management, Study book -University of Southern Queensland, 2013. PMI 2013, A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 5th edn, Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Turner, RJ 2009, The handbook of project-based management Leading strategic change inorganisations, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill, New York Young, TL 2006, Successful Project Management, 2nd edn, Kogan Page Limited, London.  APPENDIX – I US Toys – BUSINESS CASE Introduction US Toys is a leading seller of Toys merchandise in the world with 700 plus stores in United States and 900 plus international stores located in United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Spain, Australia, Hong Kong, China and Japan. This business case is for proposed enhancements to current Warehouse Management System for increased operational efficiency. Demand Chain Management (DCM) is a Teradata product currently employed by the US business to control inventory flow from the vendor-to-DC (Distribution Centre) and DC-to-store. DCM supports the full automation of these functions by utilizing the RDF (Retail Demand Forecast) forecast and applying proactive inventory management policies. Included in sc ope for the DCM project are enhancements to the International Warehouse Management System (WMS) to enable to efficiently process store replenishment orders generated by DCM. Overview Vision To ship less quantity of an item to stores but more frequently and ensure that forecasted demand (from RDF) is covered, as well as minimum shelf stock (MSS). Organisational Objective US Toys is restructuring its business operations for cost effectiveness and has set a target of improving operational efficiency by 10 by year 2014. By shipping less quantity but frequently will result in reduced idle inventory in stores and distribution centres. Business Case Purpose of Business case DCM will generate new SOQs (Store Order Quantity) each day that will be used  to pull goods from DCs to Stores as needed, based on the sales demand forecast from RDF. Instead of processing a large batch of Transfers early in the week, the DCs workload will likely adjust so that smaller waves are processed each day for stores that have a scheduled delivery (Appendix C System Flow). Maximize cross dock ability (to ship the goods to stores, which have been received by Distribution Centre on the same day hence eliminating storage space and effort for put away operations (Appendix C System Flow). Business Case Sponsor This business case is sponsored by Senior Vice President Merchandising Senior Vice President Purchasing Situational Assessment and Problem Statement Current process and its limitations when compared to the proposed solution can be summarized in the following table Operational Process/AttributeCurrent ProcessProposed SolutionFrequencyStores get shipment from DC once in a week which is resulting in huge costs in terms of trailers, labour and storage (floor area)Instead of processing a large batch of Transfers early in the week, DCs workload will likely adjust so that smaller waves are processed each day for stores that have a scheduled delivery.User InterfaceCurrent process has to be run from a legacy terminal and maintenance of these terminals is cost intensive.A new web interface is being proposed for the DC to use to plan and create waves that will process both Transfers and Receivers from Interactive Transfers System (existing Legacy system), as well as SOQs f rom DCM. By having a web interface, wave can be planned and process from any system (like PC or Laptop) instead of current use of legacy terminalsCross Dock EfficiencyCurrently receivers (shipment from vendors) and transfers (shipment from DC to stores) are run independently. This limits cross dock ability.To maximize cross-dock, daily receipts will be processed for all stores, each day. PrioritizationCurrent process does take into account trailer capacity. This results in shipping those goods which are not required immediately. Goods which are required urgently are put onto next trailer which results in a weeks delay.Service Level Maintenance is being proposed through a web interface which will be used as input in generating the wave. If a trailer does not have capacity, low priority goods will be excluded from that days shipment and will be included in subsequent wave.Optimize Case PickCurrent transfer system does not optimize case picks (where a carton has to be opened and ship said individual pieces).The  proposed system will utilize current and future needs of a store for optimizing the case picks to a full carton thereby case pick operation is optimized. Assumptions and Constraints Based on SWOT/TOWS analysis as listed in Appendix A, following assumptions and constraints have been summarised. Assumption DCM system is live and in use before building the propos ed system. All web interfaces are being developed for Internet Explorer browser. Proposed enhancements are for International Warehouse Management System and do not include domestic transfers/receipts. Any customisation to DCM is not included in the current scope. Constraints Proposed enhancements will handle multiple distribution centres within a country. Cross country transfers are not possible. Identification and Analysis of Options Identification of Options Following options are available to the organization Option 1Do nothing Option 2Purchase packed Warehouse Management System and interface with Demand Chain Management system. Option 3Enhance the current in-house developed Warehouse Management System. Comparison of Options Key parameter comparison of options is summarized as CriteriaOption 1Option 2Option 3CostNothingUS 1.5 million plus recurring license fee of US 7,500 per instance if purchased instance basis or 25,000 enterprise wide.US 0.5 million and no on-going costs as current support teams can support the enhanced system.HardwareNot applicableServer Infrastructure need to be upgraded costing US 1 million.None as Current infrastructure can handle the enhancements.Benefits to PurchasingNot applicableIntegrated packaged solution will benefit purchasing in making purchasing decisions based on actual stock in DC stores and forecasted demand. Enhanced Warehouse Management System is integrated with DCM thus providing enhanced abilities to make purchasing decision.Benefits to MerchandisingNot applicableOff the shelf package require customization to enable Merchandising to integrate with current legacy systems.Ability to run transfers/receipts on daily basis will result in efficient use of Distribution Centre floor space, trailers and labour. Recommended Option Based on the comparison and benefit analysis in Appendix B, Option 3 Enhancements to Warehouse Management system is recommended for the organization at this point in time. Implementation Strategy Based on the details explained in section 6, Enhancements to Warehouse Management System is scoped as below Project Title Project is being name as iWMS Internet  enabled Warehouse Management System Target Benefits Web Interface to plan and create waves to process transfers and receipts. Web interface to maintain service levels for inventory (Prioritization) Optimized case p ick and re-packing Outputs Browser based interactive screen to process transfers and receipts. Integration with DCM system to update replenishment information for future demand forecasting. Budget Cost break down of Option 3 Enhancements to Warehouse Management System. ActivityEstimated Cost (in US Dollars)Initiation and planning25,000Development Costs300,000Testing Unit and integration25,000Implementation Costs including documentation, training and travel.150,000  Appendix A SWOT/TOWS Analysis Strengths-SWeakness-W1. Brand Value1. Inefficient use of floor space in DC.2. Quality Processes2. Delay in shipping high priority goods to stores3. Own trailers3. Stock out in stores even if the stock is in DCO-OpportunitiesSO – StrategiesWO- Strategies1. Efficient Cross Dock Ability1. By cross docking receipts will improve Distribution Centre floor space and stock the goods for seasonal demands.(S2/O1)1. Increase efficiency in customer communication by several mediums like social media and internet (W1, W3, O1)2. Web Interface2. Flexibility to run waves either from PC or Laptop S2,S3/O22. Provide fuel efficient means to process transfers/receipts (W1.O2)3. Prioritisation3. By prioritizing goods, high priority goods are delivered to stores just in time (JIT) – S1,S2, S3/O33. Prioritization of goods will result in efficient trailer utilization (W1, W2, O1,O2, O3)T-ThreatsST – StrategiesWT – Strategies1. Increasing Competition1. By scheduling trailers like small or medium instead of standard 18 wheelers result in fuel efficiency (S2,S3,T1,T2, T3)1. Implementing lean, Kanban quality processes to reduce non-value add processes. (W1, T3, T1)2. Increasing fuel costs2. Focus on selected market segment for long term growth and market penetration (S1,S3, T2, T1)2. With high service quality and shelfs full of products, reduce the risk of losing customers (W1, W2, T1, T3)3.

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