Top Mama's Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Top Mama's Case - Essay Example Upon leaving the studio, she was arrested and charged with indecent exposure. Top Mama was found guilty and sentenced to jail term of 30 days. Her conviction in the lower courts was upheld. Reaching this Supreme Court, we should clearly discuss the First and Fourteenth Amendments invoked in this case. According to Mark Stevens (2003), all together, there are six (6) rights guaranteed by the First Amendment -- religion, speech, press, assembly, association, and petition --  Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.  Collectively, they protect what is known as the freedom of expression  (Stevens, 2003). Mark Stevens (2003) stated that association is a derivative right from speech, assembly, and petition. The right to free speech is more commonly referre d to as  freedom of speech.  Ã‚  Justice Hugo Black (1937-1971) was the last to believe the absolutist interpretation of the First Amendment which states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law† means that Congress shall make no law. Such an absolutist interpretation of the First Amendment leaves no restrictions on obscenity, libel, or slander (Stevens, 2003). More predominant interpretations look at speech as distinct from  speech plus  conduct, or the  effects of speech. Congress has every right in the world to control these things (Stevens, 2003). It's also possible to draw upon the social contract theories of the founding fathers to understand that the First Amendment was intended to serve several important social functions. These functions include educational function, safety valve function, truth-seeking function, and lastly, the social obligation function. These social functions indicates that the First Amendment is about protecting the public good rather than individual freedom and that freedom of speech in America has never been absolute (Stevens, 2003). In the case at bar, Top Mama was invoking the First Amendment on freedom of speech, or in her case, the symbolic speech. Symbolic speech is the nonverbal communication similar to speech or conduct that may receive protection under the 1st Amendment. During 1960s and 1970s, the main issue was symbolic speech which Antiwar protesters were not so much saying things as doing things, like burning flag, draft cards, holding sit-ins, love-ins and the like (Stevens, 2003). According to Stevens (2003), one of the first cases which considered whether symbolic speech such as this deserved constitutional protection was the 1968 case of U.S. v. O'Brien. In the  O'Brien Test, governments must have a substantial government interest that is not related to suppressing the message before contemplating action restricting expressive conduct or symbolic speech such as it is unconstitutional to have a flag desecration law if the only reason for having it is that people should respect the flag (Stevens, 2003). This is the most widely-used test. The Court was providing absolute protection to the message, but not the conduct (Stevens, 2003).  O'Brien  involves some deep psychological issues as the  critical test for separating message from conduct (Stevens, 2003).Thought and belief are not subject to government control, but speech is often the link between thought and action (Stevens, 2003). The current situation is that symbolic speech, like  flag-burning, is constitutionally protected. In a narrow 5-4 majority with  Texas v. Johnson (1989), the Court upheld the right to burn the flag, regardless of its symbolism, as long as a disturbance of the peace does not occur (Stevens, 2003).

The Myth of the Latin Woman - Author Judith Ortiz Cofer Essay

The Myth of the Latin Woman - Author Judith Ortiz Cofer - Essay Example Having the Latin origin, the author had very closely witnessed the hatred her community had been experiencing for the last several decades. Cofer declares her own community as equally responsible of its pathetic condition provided they failed to adopt the norms, mores, values, taboos and traditions prevailing in the mainstream culture. Lastly, she emphasized upon the difficulties of the single mothers during the brought up of her children and is determined to transfer the same filial love to her next generation she was bestowed upon as a child from her loving parents. Cofer’s splendid essay wide opens the cultural values of Latin American families in a very powerful manner, from where the readers can learn a lot about the cultural and social activities of the Hispanic community. It conveys the message of love, sacrifice and courage to the readers. Cofer strives to reveal the Latin parents’ passion during child-rearing. Being the highly dedicated and enthusiastic parents, the Latin individuals take notice of each and every action performed by their children and teach their next generation the religious obligations by taking them to the churches regularly. The readers learn that the Latin families eat, dine, move and enjoy in congregation and pay due attention to the dressing, and mannerism of the young members. Consequently, the Latin children are brought up under extreme care. Similarly, the readers learn about the continuation of the Puerto Rican customs, norms and traditions followed by the Latin mothers while preparing their daug hters for church prayers, parties, functions and ceremonies, which are quite different from the mainstream cultural traits of the USA. The sweet memories of family life, described by the author serve as the fresh, enticing breeze for the readers. The unflinching support rendered by the older ladies to the young girls of their family fill the hearts of the readers with deep

The Emergence od Peace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Emergence od Peace - Essay Example The most significant reason that made him the most remarkable pope in the Christian history was due to the fact that called for developing the ecumenical council i.e. Vatican II. Based on the formation of Vatican II council, the classic Church practices significantly altered by means of new ecumenism and liturgy. Furthermore, Pope John XXIII has an important contribution in the Christian history, as he kept his view towards addressing the fact that was of high importance to Catholics worldwide. Additionally, restriction to use contraceptives was also regarded as his strong view, as it was claimed that it interferes the procreative will of God. Apparently, he continuously worked towards supporting the traditional viewpoint, which affirmed that married couples should not be divorced. Moreover, his work contributes towards protecting the Church scandal issues. Nevertheless, his contribution towards negotiating peace between Soviet Union and the US is also worth mentioning (Papal Encycli cals Online, â€Å"Encyclical of Pope John XXIII promulgated April 11, 1963†). Pope John XXIII’s encyclical ‘Pacem in Terris’ or rather the ‘Peace on Earth’ proposed during the year 1963 has have a fundamental impact over the Catholic social teaching during the period of war and peace. Additionally, the encyclical proposed by John XXIII during the cold war affirmed to have a dramatic appeal to maintain the decorum of peace among the world leading nations. Moreover, the principle ‘Pacem in Terris’ plays an important role in promoting the church-state relations, rights of the women, religious freedom and dealing with the other major issues. Besides, the encyclical’s state the norms of peace and maintains the intrinsic dignity of every person. Additionally, the impact was seen in the principle to maintain the religious freedom, equitable rights for the weaker section

Discuss the development of Eddie Carbones character Essay Example for Free

Discuss the development of Eddie Carbones character Essay ‘’A View From The Bridge’’ is a play written by Arthur Miller in the mid-1950’s. Set during the Great Depression in around 1940, the play sees main character Eddie Carbone lead a stable life with his wife and niece in a tightly-woven community in Brooklyn, New York. Due to his sincerity, he is respected by the local community and he has his destiny plotted out for him. However, as the tragic play unfolds, Eddie makes a series of mistakes which affect his relationship with others and ultimately result in a catastrophe. Eddie Carbone is a traditional Italian-American, who earns his living as a longshoreman. He leads an ordinary life with his wife (Beatrice) and his niece (Catherine). Beatrice loves Eddie, this is shown when Beatrice says ‘’You’re an angel! God’ll bless you.’’. The word ‘’angel’’ suggests that Beatrice loves Eddie as she is comparing him to an angel. Furthermore, this shows the audience that Beatrice is a traditional woman as she is praising (therefore supporting) her husband. In the era they lived in, men and women were expected to follow the traditional values of their communities. Men were authoritative in the house and usually the breadwinners whilst women were housewives; women were expected to support and obey their husbands. Another member of Eddie’s family includes his niece, Catherine; whom Eddie is protective over. This is shown when Eddie says to Catherine ‘’Listen, you been givin’ me the willies the way you walk down the street’’. The word ‘’willies’’ suggests that Eddie feels uncomfortable with the way Catherine walks down the street. He feels this way because he has a close relationship with Catherine who looks up to him as a father-like figure. An important aspect of Eddie’s character that is presented to the audience is his attitude towards snitching. He feels strongly against snitching, this is shown when he insults snitchers by calling them ‘’stool pigeons’’, using this word suggests that Eddie thinks lowly of people committing such acts. Furthermore, Eddie warns Catherine of snitches when he asks Beatrice to tell Catherine the story of Vinny Bolzano (a teenager who snitched on his uncle to the Immigration Bureau). When Rodolfo and Marco arrive; troubles start to brew up and Eddie’s behaviour changes significantly. Eddie becomes more aggravated, this is shown when in the stage directions it says ‘’He is sizing up Rodolfo’’. This shows that Eddie is trying to taunt Rodolfo by comparing their heights (height is a symbol of power). In addition, when Eddie says to Beatrice ‘’he sings’’ (referring to Rodolfo), Eddie is suggesting that it’s not normal for a man to sing, he is attempting to suggest Rodolfo is gay. Eddie is in a way trying to put him down because he is jealous of Rodolfo’s relationship with Catherine. Another example of his sudden metamorphosis is that he has become more obsessed with Catherine. For instance, when Catherine and Rodolfo return from the Brooklyn Paramount, Eddie says to Catherine ‘’I don’t see you no more’’. This quote suggests that Eddie is obsessed with Catherine because he claims that he doesn’t see Catherine. Beatrice’s relationship with Eddie also deteriorates. This is shown to the audience when Beatrice says ‘’Everything ain’t great with me. When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie?’’. This quote shows that the physical side of their marriage is falling apart because Beatrice is feeling ignored (due to Eddie’s obsession with Catherine). Initially, Eddie considers Marco to be a real man. This is shown when he says ‘’Marco goes around like a man; nobody kids Marco.’’. However, as the play gradually progresses; so does Eddie’s relationship with Marco. For example, in the scene with Marco and the chair, in the stage directions it says ‘’Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jawthe chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s headEddie’s grin vanishes as he absorbs his look’’. The word ‘’vanishes’’ suggests that the situation is threatening, as the tension is so large that Eddie’s grin vanishes. This event symbolises that the relationship between Marco and Eddie has broken, more importantly it symbolises the start of Eddie’s downfall. By the end of the play, Eddie has changed drastically; he has become a completely different man. He has become a snitch even though he despised snitching at the start of the play. His close relationship with Catherine has ended as Catherine does not look up to Eddie as a father-like figure anymore; in fact she loathes Eddie, this is proven when Catherine says ‘’He’s a rat! He belongs in the sewer!’’. Also, Eddie’s relationship with Marco has deteriorated to such an extent that Marco accuses him of murder and spits in Eddie’s face. We know this because Marco says ‘’He killed my children’’! When Marco spits in Eddie’s face the community become aware of Eddie snitching and they are disgusted. His friend Louis ignores Eddie, this is shown in the stage directions which says ‘’Louis barely turns’’. Therefore Eddie’s main concern now is to get his reputation back, this is proven when Eddie says ‘’I want my name’’. He wants his reputation back because he has been humiliated when Marco spat in his face. In the end, Eddie refuses to listen to Rodolfo’s pleas and demands an apology from Marco. When Marco refuses Eddie takes out a knife but he gets injured himself and dies in the arms of Beatrice. From a highly-respected member of the community, Eddie manages to relegate himself to a disgraced member. Even his most loyal friends ignore him; all because of one error. Eddie is a hero in a Greek Tragedy, he made an error of judgement and he has to suffer immensely for it. Ultimately, he loses the love and respect of his niece Catherine; which is what he was fighting for.

Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay With the discovery of DNA and unravelling the genetic code it contains, molecular biologists have finally come close to understanding what determines the form and function of organisms and can use this to design organisms at will. This is illustrated by the experiments on the transgenic fruit fly which has eyes on its antennae (Walter Gehring, Basel Biocentre, Switzerland. see the year 1994 in http://www.ifgene.org/history.htm ). This new technology will have more benefits for human existence than all the past technologies put together. |Scientists are no closer to understanding what determines the form and function of a living organism than they were a century ago before the term gene was coined. As Craig Venter, a leader in the Human Genome Project put it: We know shit about biology. Scientists have tended to concentrate on physical causality genes determine form and function but they are looking in the wrong place. Genes and their proper expression as structural, regulatory or enzymic proteins are merely one of the necessary conditions for the idea underlying an organism to manifest. The essence of the organism is its entelechy or telos. Other necessary conditions for an organism to manifest include nutrient, water, warmth, light and many other factors to do with the earth as a planet in a cosmos. The optimistic predictions of the molecular biologists and genetic engineers is reminiscent of those offered by the early proponents of nuclear power. In the 1950s, electricity was forecast to become too cheap to make it worth metering, but the reality is that society is left with a legacy of nuclear waste the cost of dealing with which will place an immeasurable burden on future generations.| Ever since agriculture and the domestication of animals and plants began, man has been modifying their genetic make-up by selective breeding (e.g. broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage came from a single species of mustard). |Traditional breeding involves gene exchange in the proper context within which they function with all the checks and balances of the biological processes of the organism itself and of the organisms normal interaction with its environment. GE is out of context. GMOs often behave very differently when taken from the laboratory, greenhouse or field trial situation into the real-life context where they will be used, e.g. a gene for red flowers was inserted into a white petunia. The petunia turned red but also produced more leaves and shoots, had lower fertility and was more resistant to fungi. None of these additional effects was predicted. Over 90% of transgenic plants are discarded during the development process, most even before the plants leave the laboratory. The reason for so many rejects is because they do not express the desired gene or they are made unhealthy by the genetic engineering. | Ever since man began to ferment fruit and milk products thousands of years ago, he has been using biotechnology.|Traditional biotechnology uses natural organisms in contexts to which they are adapted whereas GE creates completely new genetic make-ups that could never have come about by natural processes.| All attempts to define what species barriers are have so far had various shortcomings. The genomes of many organisms can be shown to contain gene sequences from totally unrelated organisms which might commonly be assumed to be on the other side of a species barrier (e.g. the marine r sequence in the fruit fly Drosophila, is also in humans). Mules (horse x donkey) have long since existed, but nobody is complaining and the technique of grafting different plants/trees onto each other is ancient.|GE crosses species barriers. Crosses are made which would never occur in nature.| All technology is unnatural (unless we hold that man and all his creations are part of the totality of nature). (see Shakespeare, A Winters Tale, IV:III:82-103)|GE is unnatural. | We have consciously interfered with evolution through breeding, habitat management and even selection of our own spouses for millennia without any noticeable dire consequences.|Scrambling genomes will lead to total chaos in evolution.| And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. (Genesis 1:26)Human beings are themselves part of nature, creatures within creation. Human discovery and invention can be thought of as resulting from the exercise of God-given powers of mind and reason. (Church of England Board)|Biotechnologists are playing God.| GE is a very precise way of introducing desirable traits into economically useful organisms. The techniques are improving all the time and it is increasingly possible to insert genes at a precise locus in the host organisms genome. This is calle d gene targeting.|GE disrupts the integrity of the recipient genome with unpredictable side effects including gene silencing both of the inserted gene and other unrelated genes in the organism. GE cannot readily control the number of copies of the gene that are inserted into the host, nor where in the genome they will end up. Inserted genes can disrupt the function of existing genes in ways, which may not show up until later generations.| GE often, but not always, needs to use bacteria, viruses or plasmids as vectors to shuttle the genes of interest into the target organisms. Having the parts of their genomes removed that would make them infective cripples these vectors. As the technology improves it becomes less necessary to use infective agents as vectors.|GE makes use of pathogenic organisms such as viruses and bacteria as vectors of the gene that is being transferred. In other words, the target organism has to be made ill just to get the gene in, sometimes with tragic consequences. The pathogens can kill the target organism or could spread into the environment with unpredictable and dangerous consequences. Even crippled vectors can recombine DNA and therefore genes with their normal counterparts in their surroundings and thus suddenly and unpredictably become infective. | Molecular biologists acknowledge that they are only modifying one aspect of an organisms totality. However, they examine the organisms produced in detail, sometimes taking them through breeding programs for years to be sure that they are behaving in the way that other normal members of the same species behave which have not had the genetic modification. |The reductionist thinking of genetic determinism, which believes that the genetic make-up is what makes the organism what it is, dominates GE. An organism is as much an expression of its environment as it is of its genes. Concentrating on the genes, therefore, is one-sided. Furthermore, the organisation within a cell and its interaction with o ther cells is also inherited along with the genes. An organism is as dependent for its survival as much on these epigenetic factors as on its genome. | The fact that horizontal gene transfer occurs all the time in nature, (e.g. the constant exchange of genetic information between bacteria, viruses etc, or the rarer jumps of genes such as may have contributed to the ubiquity of the mariner sequence listed above) and has caused no problems, can be taken as evidence that it poses no serious danger.|GE exposes people to the increased dangers of horizontal gene transfer, a process whereby genes are passed not vertically down the generations in the usual way but horizontally from organism to organism and from species to species. | Enzymes can be produced from GM microorganisms for use in industrial processes including food manufacture.|Industrial enzymes used in anything from washing powders to food processing are already a major source of allergies.| GE does involve some risk taking but all procedures are subject to strict risk analysis and monitoring. The risk is therefore minimal. No popular technology is without risk, e.g. the motorcar that kills tens of thousands each year.|GE is potentially dangerous and therefore involves taking risks. The consequences could be devastating and irreversible. Furthermore, the adverse consequences could take years to show and the company liable for any damages may have long since ceased trading.|

Autonomy And Independence In Social Care

Autonomy And Independence In Social Care This report will critically explore how far social care legislation and policies have contributed to the autonomy and independence of people with learning disability problems. The report is divided in four main questions that will lead to an advanced understanding of the topic. It begins by defining the word learning disability in social care, followed by an explanation of what the care needs of people with disability problems are. A discussion on why it is necessary to promote the autonomy and independence of disabled people will be followed by a description of related legislations such as disability discrimination act. In analysing the legislation, it will be shown how far it has contributed to the autonomy and independence of people with disability. EXPLAIN WHAT THE CARE NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY PROBLEMS MAY BE. A definition of learning disability is included in the â€Å"Valuing People† and states that learning disability includes the presence of: â€Å"A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence), with a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning); which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development† (DoH 2001). The impact of disability movement on businesses and service provision are major, as adapting to the disabled needs by physical changes, such as ramps, lowered light switches and lowered reception desks and payphones. The impact of the Social Policy of Britain has been impacted very deeply, and has been able to make significant improvement not just to the individuals who have disability but to the general public. (Borsay, 2005) The area of health access is becoming a major concern. This is due to a number of other factors, which include. The increased longevity for people with learning disabilities with the manifestation of different health concerns linked to age. The survival of children with multiple disabilities into adults with complex needs. The recognition of certain conditions linked to specific disabilities such as Alzheimers and Downs syndrome. The progress of deinstitutionalisation is nearly complete and the remaining large institutions/hospitals are closing and the developments of services in the community are faced with challenges. (Swain et al, 2003) Some of these factors were previously identified within the document â€Å"Signpost for Success† DoH (1998) and are again mentioned partly in â€Å"Valuing People† DoH (2001). Also within the White Paper â€Å"Valuing People† is the recognition that people with learning disabilities having higher health needs than the general population (DoH 2001 p6). These health needs are as a result of increased incidence of epilepsy; cerebral palsy prevalence for both of these conditions is thought to be three times higher than the general population (Drake,2002), visual problems, hearing difficulties and increased dental needs. It is recognised that individuals with learning disabilities are sometimes deprived of the best standard of health care service expected by people who do not have learning disabilities (Drake, 2002). In fact despite their higher health needs people with learning disabilities access primary health care less than the general population (Shakespeare, 2003). It is essential that this inequality of care be addressed and unless this is done with the support of the specialist services, and community learning disability nurses in particular, the health-related needs of people with learning disabilities will continue to be overlooked (Oliver et al ,1996). DISCUSS WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO PROMOTE AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE Autonomy refers to the acknowledgement that a patient is an individual who is also allowed to be given basic rights like the right to information, the right to receive care and treatment and the right to confidentiality (Dalley, 1991). When a patient understands clearly the consequences of complying or refusing his treatment which is called the principle of informed consent, should be the main idea in the cares mind when proposing any form of treatment (Dalley, 1991). The fundamental dilemma is that of balancing the individuals autonomy and civil liberty with the need to protect both the individual and the public from perceived risk. In addition, how far should learning disability go in maintaining a function of social control? Swain (2003) believes that when a nurse does not acknowledge their role as an agent of social control, that fuel the publics misconceptions that surround learning disability. The word ‘care is equally misleading its application of caring for; (protect ion/supervision) and caring for; (worry or show concern). From the perspective of people with disabilities, protected or supervised can sound patronising and disempowering. The need for supervisory care undermines the publics ability to see people with impairment as autonomous people. To most people the term ‘care highlights a dependency as do most of the charities set up to support the needs of people with disabilities.(Borsay,2005) Medical services alone are unable to empower a person with a disability to live independently in the community. The provision of the correct equipment and amenities would empower the person to exercise more control over their life. This can only be achieved by the person with the impairment deciding on the level of care that is provided and the equipment required for them to achieve self fulfilment. The Care Standards Act 2000 gives independence but not autonomy and again restricted by financial constraints. We often see fund raising schemes to raise money to purchase wheelchairs for children with multiple sclerosis and spasticity as the specialist equipment gives them the freedom of mobility with out high dependency. This equipment is not available through the welfare system; however we do pay  £3,800+ per week for people to attend drug rehabilitation units to help them regain control of their lives. Swain and Cameron define autonomy as the ability to make knowledgeable preference s regarding care plan and implementation, (Swain et al, 2003). DESCRIBE THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND POLICY People with disabilities face discrimination from a flaw or loophole in the very legislation that is set up to protect them from discrimination; by permitting the rights of proprietors and businesses to make only ‘reasonable adjustments to tackle disabling barriers. Due to the ground of finances, conservation and practicality, disabled people are not treated fairly due to impairment (Disability Discrimination Act, 1995). These barriers can be reflecting in the statistics published by the Disability Rights Commission in 2005, suggesting only half of disabled adults at working age are in employment, compared with four out of five non-disabled people in employment. The DDA 1995 was introduced to prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated on their rights to employment, housing and access to facilities or services. The stipulates adjustments required by employers but only for employers who employ 15 people or more and reasonable adjustments made by housing association s to provide access to housing. The word reasonable can be understood or explained in various ways which lives an open door to some private landlords whom can discriminate on the grounds that they can afford to make the adjustments required. Structures of the buildings do not need to be changed and an alternative access can be made. This is already treating disabled people differently on grounds of impairment and putting a price tag on their equality and disempowering people with impairments. (Barnes, 2002) ANALYSE HOW FAR THE LEGISLATION/POLICY OUTLINED CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDIVIDUALS AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE. Only in 1995 it became illegal in Britain to discriminate against disabled people ‘in connection with employment, the provisions of goods, facilities and services and education. The ‘weak and toothless law of 1995, was amended after the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act was implemented in 2001, which made it unlawful for education providers to discriminate against disabled pupils, students and adult learners . The disability Rights commission in addition to other disability agencies are pressing the government to adhere to new plans to address the low expected institutes and systems to be able to provide premium, service for all special needs people. (Oliver, 1996) Before the Disability Discrimination Act, disabled people could legally be refused employment by employers. The disabled people will unreasonably correspond to jobs of lower status and lower salary jobs, as a result of poor foundation schooling and the lack of opportunities that was made available for the disabled, as mentioned earlier. The stigmatism occurred when the disabled were deemed as ‘unemployable and those who were in employment were openly discriminated against, due to the majority opinion. Employers had a stereotypical outlook to the ability and level of productivity of disabled people. The empowerment of the disabled people is an area of mention. The rise of the disability movement has been based on empowerment of themselves, as it has been mainly led by the disabled themselves. This encourages the disabled users of service to denote unity, and to provide the people of the society a view of ‘ability as opposed to ‘disability. The Community Care Act 1996 is a clear example of attempts of increasing the employment for disabled people. This has had many benefits as the government allows local authorities to release funds directly to service users, who purchase their own services and allocate the services to which they assess as being eligible. It empowers the users to assess their own needs and decide which services cater for their specific needs. The amendments to the law suggest that the society as well as the government were failing in providing disabled people with what they required as humans. British society by making necessary adaptations to laws and services automatically give in to the argument that disabled people were not treated equally, were not provided for equally and were not perceived as equal to those without disability. The significance of the acceptance of the disabled people may be more satisfying to them as opposed to the legislations that were amended to provide for needs, although I do not belittle the benefit that came out of the amendments. The way in which they were addressed has also been impacted as they were called â€Å"crippled† which may have been offensive, to the more accepted â€Å"people with disability†. With regards to the social model the government has failed to accomplish their full purpose of providing for all, hence has impacted them by pressuring them into making changes. (Cameron, 2003) The impact of disability movement on businesses and service provision are also major, as adapting to the disabled needs by physical changes, such as ramps, lowered light switches and lowered reception desks and payphones. The impact of the Social Policy of Britain has been impacted very deeply, and has been able to make significant improvement not just to the individuals who have disability but to the general public. Nevertheless, Borsay (2005) argues that there are many areas in the act(DDA) that have loop holes such as education and transport, and this makes it far from comprehensive. The Act talks about the transport requirements but yet it only talks about how the new transport have to meet minimum access standards for disabled people, but it only applies to land base transport. Even areas such as employment are limited, for example, the act does not apply to the armed services and before 2004, and it only covered employers who employ 15 or more people. The act is very weak for example the definition of disability stated in the act is defined narrowly In terms of impairment and is guided by the severity of the impairment rather than by the experience of discrimination. Some impairments and medical conditions have not been covered such as HIV and Aids, despite the fact that they are another source of discrimination. (Drake, 2002) Although there are many strategies to remove or reduce prejudice in society, for disabled people discrimination remains a significant problem at all levels, as discrimination will always occur because of the peoples attitudes and views against a person with a disability in our society. Thus no matter how many acts legislations are in force, discrimination is an ongoing problem in society, as we can not legislate for peoples attitudes in society. The society should work on educating people about a person with a disability and make them more aware that a disabled person is no inferior to any other person hence no discrimination should be made due to a persons disability. Therefore the social model of disability should be in practise, although it is easier said than done to educate all ignorant attitudes in society surrounding disability. It may be argued that only a disabled person is able to comprehend what it is like to be discriminated on the grounds of employment, education and tra nsport. REFERENCES Books Borsay, A. (2005) Disability and Social Policy in Britain since 1750. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Dalley, G. (1991) Disability Social Policy. London: Policy Studies Institute. Oliver, M. (1996) Understanding disability from theory to practice. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. Pierson, J., Thomas, M. (2002) Dictionary of Social Work. Glasgow: Harper Collins Shakespeare, T. (2003) The Disability Reader Social Science Perspectives. London: Contiuum. Swain, J., Finkelstein, V, Oliver, M. (1993) Disabling Barriers Enabling Environments. London: Sage Publications. Swain, J., French, S., Cameron, C. (2003) Controversial Issues in a Disabling Society. Buckingham: Open University Press. Journals Barnes, C. (2002) Disability, Politics and Policy in Policy and Politics. Vol 30 No 3. Drake, R.F. (2002) Disabled people, Voluntary Organisations and participation in Policy Making in Policy and Politics. Vol 30 No 3 Websites General Social Care Council. [Online], Available: http://www.gscc.org.uk/Home/ [10th Nov 2006] http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/1996030.htm http://www.shaw-trust.org.uk/page/6/89/ http://www.direct.gov.uk/DisabledPeople/EducationAndTraining/EducationArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4001076chk=AftwGD http://www.education-otherwise.org/Links/Samples/FirstContactSampleLetter.htm

Desperation By Stephen King :: essays research papers

Desperation, a recent Stephen King novel, is not just a book, but an experience that leaves the reader frightened, paranoid, and questioning his moral beliefs. Picture, if you will, a lone, crazed Nevada policeman who pulls over vehicles on a lonely desert highway and forcefully takes away their occupants. Whichever of them he doesn’t kill immediately, he locks up in the jail of the small desolate town of Desperation. Among those captured are the vacationing Carver family, whose RV is sabotaged on its way to Arizona. Already incarcerated is Tom Billingsley, a once well-known member of the now slaughtered community of Desperation. They are soon joined by formerly famous, currently old and overweight writer, Johnny Marinville, who is riding across the country on his Harley-Davidson gathering material for a book of short stories. How to escape Desperation isn’t the only unanswered question, though. How could and why would one man single-handedly murder the population of an entire town? How does he have such control over the minds of the animals? Why are they locked up when he could have killed them like every one else? Whatever it is that possesses the body of officer Collie Entraigan can’t last forever, though. After several days his body is falling apart at the seams, and he is bleeding from every orifice. Weirder yet, he is growing several inches a day and is bound to burst soon. Will he? Or are the occupants of the local Desperation jail just backup bodies that the possessor will use when it wears out its current one? If so then what is it? More importantly, who’s next?An intriguing aspect of this book is that there is no real protagonist. King leaves the reader in constant suspense. Frequently changing views, the story follows one character or group of characters for one chapter and then in the next chapter, follows another, often intertwining the time sequences. The overlapping action is interrupted only by flashbacks that allow the reader to sympathize with a particular character’s actions or feelings. These flashbacks are so intricate that it is difficult to believe they are fictional at all. They go into such detail of the life-altering experiences of everyone involved that the reader gets a sixth sense as to how the characters will react to certain situations. Telling the story in this manner allows the reader to see why every character acts the way that he does.